Nicotine Addiction: Learning, Neural & Genetic Process

描述（由申请人提供）：1988年，美国卫生部长得出结论，烟草产品具有成瘾性，尼古丁是烟草中导致烟草成瘾性的主要药理学物质。尽管有大量证据表明吸烟对健康有不利影响，但据估计，美国每年有6880万人使用烟草产品，40万人死于烟草相关疾病。然而，人们并不完全理解尼古丁为什么会上瘾。对尼古丁成瘾的不完全理解的一个原因可能是成瘾是一种复杂的疾病，有许多因素导致这种疾病。可能导致尼古丁成瘾的因素包括遗传和学习。许多研究表明，尼古丁可以促进学习。具体而言，大脑边缘系统区域参与学习和成瘾，因此尼古丁对该区域的影响可能介导对成瘾的认知影响。这一提议的假设是，尼古丁在学习过程中改变了海马体的功能，产生了一种与没有药物的学习不同的学习状态，并且这种学习可能涉及与没有药物的类似学习过程中激活的细胞信号传导和基因激活模式不同的模式。尼古丁增强学习过程的能力可能会促进成瘾，因为它会促进药物背景的关联，从而可能加速渴望和复发。为了支持这一点，尼古丁已被证明可以增强一种持久形式的背景恐惧条件反射，这是一种涉及海马体的经典条件反射。长期记忆存储已知涉及基因表达的改变，并且由这些诱导基因编码的蛋白质，如MAP激酶，导致神经元功能的长期变化。尼古丁还可以改变MAP激酶的激活。拟议的实验将确定烟碱乙酰胆碱能受体亚型，确定神经作用部位，并确定涉及尼古丁对情境恐惧条件反射的持久增强的MAP激酶。研究尼古丁对学习的影响，从受体激活水平到细胞信号传导的变化，将增强对成瘾的理解，并有助于开发尼古丁成瘾的治疗方法

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): In 1988, the US Surgeon General concluded that tobacco products are addictive and nicotine is the main pharmacological agent in tobacco responsible for tobacco's addictive nature. Despite over whelming evidence of the adverse health effects of smoking, it is estimated that 68.8 million Americans use tobacco products and 400,000 tobacco-related deaths occur in the United States each year. However, it is not completely understood why nicotine is addictive. One reason for this incomplete understanding of nicotine addiction may be that addiction is a complex disorder with many factors contributing to the disease. Possible factors that may contribute to nicotine addiction include genetics and learning. Many studies suggest that nicotine enhances learning. Specifically, the limbic area of the brain is involved in both learning and addiction and thus nicotine effects on this area may mediate cognitive influences on addiction. It is the hypothesis of this proposal that nicotine alters the function of the hippocampus during learning, producing a learned state that is different from learning in the absence of the drug, and that this learning may involve different patterns of cell signaling and gene activation than those activated during comparable learning without drug. The ability of nicotine to enhance learning processes may facilitate addiction by contributing to drug-context associations that could precipitate craving and relapse. In support of this, nicotine has been shown to enhance a long-lasting form of contextual fear conditioning, a type of classical conditioning that involves the hippocampus. Long-term memory storage is known to involve alteration in gene expression, and the proteins encoded by these induced genes, such as MAP kinases, result in long-lasting changes in neuronal function. Nicotine can also alter activation of MAP kinases. Proposed experiment will identify the nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor subtypes, identify the neural site of action, and identify MAP kinases involved in the long-lasting enhancement of contextual fear conditioning by nicotine. Investigating the effects of nicotine on learning from the level of receptor activation to changes in cell signaling will enhance understanding of addiction and aid in development of treatments for nicotine addiction