A prospective longitudinal study of transactional associations between social, neural, and hormonal changes and adolescent girls' mental health trajectories

摘要 内化问题是常见的，有害的，并急剧增加的青春期女孩- 建立一个公共卫生的必要性，以确定机制以及风险或复原力的标志， 从生物学到行为学还必须确定这些问题对哪些人来说是可扩展性有限的， 表明心理健康状况持续或恶化，并了解原因。核心生物和 青春期的社会过程，如青春期，大脑发育和同伴关系，是有希望的 目标的在社交方面，建立和加强亲密的友谊和浪漫的关系是核心 青春期中后期的发展任务。中晚期亲密同伴关系的质量 众所周知，青春期女孩与疾病的出现和复发有着双向和微妙的联系。 抑郁焦虑和自残询问这种密切关系的双重性质，跨越时间尺度， 几天到几年的时间，对于开始解决少女新出现的心理健康危机至关重要。此外，委员会认为， 也有必要考虑青春期过程的扩展影响，因为青春期本身强烈地 与青春期女孩的心理健康有关性激素和大脑结构的不断成熟， 功能，以及通过青春期后期的连接，使其至关重要的是整合发展的贡献， 改变这些生物因素的社会进程和内在化的问题。青春期的转变 2015年启动的女孩（TAG）研究（R 01/R56 MH 107418）被设计为一项全面的多水平研究， 调查青春期早期至中期的生物和社会变化之间的联系， 出现抑郁、焦虑和自我伤害的风险机制。我们招募了一个社区样本 的N=174名女孩（初始年龄10-13岁）进入纵向研究，每18年收集三波数据 每个月，包括每波两次实验室访视。TAG研究的第一阶段侧重于早期至中期 青少年心理健康，由青春期，神经和社会发展（自我认知和社会）形成 认知）。我们建议收集另外三波数据，大约间隔18个月， 年龄范围为21岁。TAG研究的这一新阶段将有一个适合发展的 多层次强调密切的同伴关系，通过既定的问卷调查，每日自我报告， 以及利用亲密的自我表露行为和大脑功能的新范式。它将进行创新 分析与亲密友谊和浪漫关系中的日常积极和消极经验， 幸福的变化。最后，它将继续深入表型正在进行的生物（神经，激素， 青春期）的变化，并将这些与先前和随后的社会过程和心理健康。我们 提出，在青春期中后期，亲密关系质量和神经发育不仅是 预测同时和不久的将来的心理健康，但也是一个级联系列的发展的一部分， 以及由早期生物和心理社会变化引发的风险过程。

ABSTRACT Internalizing problems are common, harmful, and sharply increasing amongst adolescent girls – creating a public health imperative to identify mechanisms as well as markers of risk or resilience, spanning from biology to behavior. It is also essential to identify for whom these issues will be adolescent-limited versus indicative of persistent or worsening mental health, and understand the reasons why. Core biological and social processes of adolescence, such as puberty, brain development, and peer relationships, are promising targets. Socially, building and strengthening close friendships and romantic relationships are central developmental tasks in mid-to-late adolescence. The quality of close peer relationships in mid-to-late adolescent girls is known to have bidirectional and nuanced associations with emergence and recurrence of depression, anxiety, and self-harm. Interrogating this dual nature of close relationships, across timescales from days to years, is critical to begin addressing the emerging mental health crisis in adolescent girls. Furthermore, it is necessary to also account for the extended influence of pubertal processes, as puberty itself is strongly implicated in adolescent girls’ mental health. Ongoing maturation of sex hormones as well as brain structure, function, and connectivity through late adolescence makes it vital to integrate the contribution of developmental change in these biological factors to social processes and internalizing problems. The Transitions in Adolescent Girls (TAG) study, launched in 2015 (R01/R56 MH107418), was designed as a comprehensive multilevel investigation of the connections between biological and social changes during early-to-mid adolescence, as mechanisms of risk for the emergence of depression, anxiety, and self-harm. We enrolled a community sample of N=174 girls (initial ages 10-13 years) into a longitudinal study, with three waves of data collected every 18 months, including two laboratory visits at each wave. The first phase of the TAG study focused on early-to-mid adolescent mental health, as shaped by pubertal, neural, and social development (self-perception and social cognition). We propose to collect three additional waves of data, approximately 18 months apart, extending the cohort’s age range to 21 years. This new phase of the TAG study will have a developmentally-appropriate multilevel emphasis on close peer relationships, assessed via established questionnaires, daily self-reports, and novel paradigms that tap into intimate self-disclosure behavior and brain function. It will conduct innovative analyses to relate daily positive and negative experiences in close friendships and romantic relationships, with changes in well-being. Finally, it will continue to deeply phenotype ongoing biological (neural, hormonal, and pubertal) changes, and relate these to antecedent and subsequent social processes and mental health. We propose that close relationship quality and neurodevelopment during mid-to-late adolescence is not only predictive of concurrent and near-future mental health, but also part of a cascading series of developmental and risk processes that are set into motion by earlier biological and psychosocial changes.