Role of the Omentum in the Treatment of Morbid Obesity

肥胖通常与胰岛素抵抗和炎性细胞因子的异常产生有关。中心性肥胖 是2型糖尿病（T2 DM）和心血管并发症的主要风险。脂肪 组织，特别是网膜（脂肪细胞和驻留的巨噬细胞）释放几种细胞因子。减肥手术和 特别是Roux-en-Y胃旁路术（RYGB）是导致持续体重减轻的唯一方式。我们的研究和 其他人的结果表明RYGB在高比例的患者中有效逆转T2 DM。的机制 仍然未知。我们有证据表明，手术后体重减轻并不是新陈代谢的唯一机制。 改进.这些改善发生在术后非常早期（10天内），并且在任何显著的体重减轻之前;它们是 与内脏脂肪分布有关，并且存在种族偏见，非洲裔美国人表现出迟钝和延迟 比高加索人的反应。本申请的中心假设是， 减肥手术存在种族偏见，在术后早期（10-30天）开始， 能量相关肽的分泌，而长期效应（大于1个月）是通过下调介导的 炎性因子。此外，我们假设切除网膜联合减肥 手术可增强胰岛素抵抗的逆转，并将减少对肥胖治疗反应的种族差异。 手术我们建议在白人和非裔美国人病态肥胖患者中进行一项随机研究，以评估 葡萄糖和脂肪酸代谢。患者将被随机分为两组，一组单独使用RYGB，另一组使用RYGB。 RYGB伴网膜切除术。提出了三个具体目标。在具体目标1中，我们将确定 RYGB后的代谢改善。具体地说，我们将研究与能量相关的分泌和作用的改变。 肽和炎症反应。具体目标2探索了代谢迟钝/延迟的机制 RYGB后的改善非洲裔美国人患者。我们将研究这两个种族差异的遗传基础 使用肌肉、内脏和周围脂肪组织的微阵列分析。我们将探讨居民的作用 巨噬细胞介导相关的炎症反应。具体目标3将确定是否结合网膜切除术 与RYGB加速和维持改善，特别是在非洲裔美国人的人口。这些研究包括 测定局部脂肪储存、脂肪细胞大小、组织巨噬细胞含量和巨噬细胞基因表达， 食物诱导的脂肪因子（瘦素、脂联素和脂联素）和能量调节肽如生长激素释放肽和 PYY。参数将与炎症标志物（例如CRP、IL-6、TNF-02 R等）的时间依赖性变化相关。 以及使用高胰岛素正葡萄糖钳夹的组织胰岛素反应性。

Obesity is often associated with insulin resistance and abnormal production of inflammatory cytokines. Central obesity represents a major risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular complications. Adipose tissue and especially omentum (adipocytes and resident macrophages) release several cytokines. Bariatric surgery and specifically Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the only modality that results in sustained weight loss. Our studies and those of others demonstrate that RYGB is effective in reversing T2DM in a high proportion of patients. The mechanisms remain unknown. We have evidence showing that weight loss after surgery is not the sole mechanism behind the metabolic improvements. The improvements occur very early (within 10 days) postop and precede any significant weight loss; they are related to visceral fat distribution and are racially biased, with African Americans showing blunted and more delayed responses than Caucasians. The central hypotheses of this application is that improvements in insulin sensitivity after bariatric surgery are racially biased and begin early in the postoperative period (10-30 days) and are mediated by changes in the secretion of energy-related peptides, while the long-term effects (greater than 1 month) are mediated by down-regulation of inflammatory factors. Additionally, we hypothesize that the removal of the omentum in combination with bariatric surgery enhances the reversal of the insulin resistance and will diminish the racial differences in response to bariatric surgery. We propose a randomized study in Caucasian and African American morbidly obese patients to evaluate changes in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Patients will be randomized to two groups, one with RYGB alone and the second with RYGB with omentectomy. Three specific aims are proposed. In specific aim 1, we will determine the mechanism for the metabolic improvements after RYGB. Specifically, we will examine alterations in the secretion and action of energy related peptides and inflammatory responses. Specific aim 2 explores the mechanism for the blunted/delayed metabolic improvement after RYGB in African American patients. We will examine the genetic basis for differences in the two races using microarray analysis of muscle and visceral and peripheral adipose tissues. We will explore the role of resident macrophages in mediating associated inflammatory responses. Specific aim 3 will determine if combining omentectomy with RYGB accelerates and sustains improvements especially in the African American population. The studies include determination of regional fat stores, adipocyte size, tissue macrophage content and macrophage gene expression, diurnal and food-induced secretion of adipokines (leptin, resistin and adiponectin) and of energy regulating-peptides such as ghrelin and PYY. Parameters will be correlated with time dependent changes in inflammatory markers (e.g. CRP, IL-6, TNF-O2R, etc.) and with tissue insulin responsiveness using hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps.