Emergence of Implicit Bias during Adolescent Development

7.项目总结/摘要 拟议的研究调查了隐性种族偏见如何发展，以及如何在种族之间抵消。 大多数青少年。种族多数成年人对地位较低的种族群体的隐性偏见使社会永久化， 健康方面的不平等（例如，通过低于标准的医疗保健），财富（例如，通过有偏见的招聘），和幸福（例如，经由 歧视性的社会互动）。发展研究将青春期确定为解决 在成年期根深蒂固之前，隐性的种族偏见。这个项目的更广泛的目标是阐明 大部分青少年内隐种族偏见的社会认知过程，并设计干预措施 来抵消这种偏见。这些目标与NICHD理解社会和认知因素的优先事项相一致 与（有偏见的）推理的发展有关。虽然内隐偏见对少数民族有负面影响， 这种偏见也可能减少种族多数青少年的群体间接触和关系， 对于发展社会认知技能至关重要（例如，认知灵活性），促进适应性调整， 多元文化社会。本研究的中心假设是：（1）青少年接触更多的非洲 美国人将有更强的社会认知能力来个性化（即，将他们视为独特的个体）， 使它们人性化（即，归因于人类的精神状态），反过来又会产生较少的隐性种族偏见，以及（2） 直接教育青少年使非裔美国人个性化和人性化，将减少内隐偏见。 具体目的是：（1）考察同伴和媒体如何通过以下途径影响青少年的内隐种族偏见 发展的趋势，个性化和人性化的非洲裔美国人，（2）进行一个 干预整合个性化和人性化干预，以减少青少年的内隐偏见 长期的关于方法，目标1将是一项为期一年的三波相关性研究， 种族多数青少年a）接触非裔美国人，B）个性化和人性化之间的联系 非裔美国人，和c）隐含的种族偏见。目标2将是一项2x2干预研究（个体化[是， 否] x人性化[是，否]），参与者将阅读来自非裔美国人的第一人称叙述 青少年和查看相应的照片;干预条件将有所不同，他们是否促进 个性化（通过训练受试者区分目标非洲裔美国青少年）和人性化 (e.g.,通过在叙述中包括情感故事）。该研究将在3个月后评估内隐偏倚， 研究长期影响。该项目在理论和方法上具有创新性，有望成为 重要的是，它将推动制定经验证的战略，以减少社会种族歧视， 不等式伴随的三年博士后培训计划将主要在 加州大学圣地亚哥分校心理学系。学员将得到以下方面的指导： 领先的心理学家在隐性种族偏见研究，培训国家的最先进的理论和方法 方法，和正式的博士后培训计划，以启动她的独立学术生涯。

7. PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The proposed research investigates how implicit racial bias develops and can be counteracted among racial majority adolescents. Racial majority adults’ implicit bias toward lower-status racial groups perpetuates societal inequalities in health (e.g., via subpar medical care), wealth (e.g., via biased hiring), and well-being (e.g., via discriminatory social interactions). Developmental research identifies adolescence as a critical time to address implicit racial bias before it becomes entrenched in adulthood. The broader goals of this project are to elucidate the social-cognitive processes underlying majority adolescents’ implicit racial bias and to design interventions to counteract this bias. These goals align with NICHD’s priority to understand social and cognitive factors related to the development of (biased) reasoning. While implicit bias has negative consequences for minority groups, such bias may also decrease racial majority adolescents’ intergroup contact and relationships, which are critical for developing social-cognitive skills (e.g., cognitive flexibility) that facilitate adaptive adjustment in a multicultural society. The central hypotheses of this study are: (1) adolescents with more exposure to African Americans will have greater social-cognitive skills to individuate (i.e., perceive them as unique individuals) and humanize them (i.e., attribute human mental states), and in turn will develop less implicit racial bias, and (2) directly teaching adolescents to individuate and humanize African American people will reduce implicit bias. The specific aims are: (1) to examine how peers and media influence adolescents’ implicit racial bias through the development of the tendency to individuate and humanize African American people, and (2) to conduct an intervention integrating individuation and humanization interventions to reduce adolescents’ implicit bias in the long-term. Regarding methods, Aim 1 will be a yearlong, three-wave correlational study examining longitudinal links between racial majority adolescents’ a) exposure to African Americans, b) individuation and humanization of African American people, and c) implicit racial bias. Aim 2 will be a 2x2 intervention study (Individuation [yes, no] x Humanization [yes, no]) in which participants will read first-person narratives from African American adolescents and view corresponding photographs; the intervention conditions will vary in whether they promote individuation (by training subjects to differentiate the target African American adolescents) and humanization (e.g., by including emotional stories in the narratives). The study will assess implicit bias 3 months later to examine long-term effects. This project is theoretically and methodologically innovative and is expected to be significant because it will advance the development of empirically-validated strategies to reduce societal racial inequalities. The accompanying three-year postdoctoral training plan will take place predominantly in the psychology department at the University of California, San Diego. The trainee will be provided mentorship from leading psychologists in implicit racial bias research, training in state-of-the-art theoretical and methodological approaches, and a formal postdoctoral training program to launch her independent academic career.