Infectious Diseases in Africa: Correlates of Protection, Lessons from Vaccines and Natural Infection Studies

点击翻译按钮获取中文摘要

Abstract. The huge burden of communicable diseases on the African continent is largely made up of HIV, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The trio of diseases alone is creating societal and economic instability in most African countries across all age groups, and particularly in children. Most recent UNAIDS estimates of the global burden of HIV are that 36.9 million people are currently living with HIV-1 infection and 25.6 million of them reside in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The implementation of anti-retroviral therapy of HIV- 1 infected people, which are necessary short-term solutions, comes with complications of costs and iatrogenic effects of drugs, and is not a long-term solution to stop the epidemic in SSA. HIV prevention remains critical to turn the tide of HIV infections and an effective vaccine against HIV-1 is desperately needed. Two vaccine clinical trials have recently started in SSA along with a passive immunization study to evaluate the efficacy of each regimen in conferring protection from infection. To discuss the current knowledge on correlates of protection observed in human vaccine studies will be a timely topic for the young African investigators. Similarly, continuous efforts are required to develop vaccines that would mitigate HIV-1 co-morbidities of TB and malaria. In 2015, the Office of AIDS Research announced priority areas of investigations into reducing the incidence of HIV, including the development of safe and effective HIV vaccines and research training of the workforce (NOT-OD-15-137; http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-15-137.html). In this application, we propose to train young scientists in Africa to fill the gap in ongoing efforts to build scientific literacy on the Continent and to enhance the ability to perform immunology research. As the NIH is sponsoring several basic research projects as well as clinical vaccine trials in Africa, we believe that the proposed Infectious Disease in Africa symposia will lead to increased scientific knowledge and will help build future scientific leaders on the Continent. On the back of two rounds of 3-year funding (and 6 IDA symposia), we now propose a further set of symposia, where the overarching aims are: 1) to provide cutting- edge knowledge in the fields of HIV vaccine development and related aspects of malaria and TB; and 2) To enable scientific thinking and leadership of young scientists on the African Continent. We are proposing a set of three IDA symposia that will take place in Cape Town, South Africa and we will focus on specific topics for each meeting. In the first IDA symposium, we will focus on “Novel observations on correlates of vaccine protection from HIV-1, TB, and Malaria: a systems immunology approach to vaccine development”. With our prior experience, we have developed a unique approach of student:teacher mentorship which involves a blend of on-line learning and contact time focused on round- table discussions. !