Low-income fathers’ and mothers’ parenting practices on infant locomotion and consequent language development: A longitudinal study from 9 to 24 months

项目摘要 低收入父母教养方式对婴儿运动的影响 语言发展：9-24个月的纵向研究 婴儿时期的运动，如爬行和行走，与一系列 心理功能包括视觉本体感觉、联合注意、手动搜索 隐藏的物体，依附于他人。婴儿之间的联系的稳健性 运动和技能的发展已经在各种研究范式中得到了证明， 包括随机对照试验。最近，研究人员发现， 走路与词汇量的增加有关，与走路的年龄无关 开始。这种关系在横断面、跨语言和回顾中得到了复制 调查研究。然而，为什么走路有益于早期语言发展仍然是个未知数 经验主义问题。除了对自闭症儿童的研究中的一些有洞察力的推测 和使用Lena录音的案例研究，我们对连接 开始走向语言技能的发展。此外，这一领域的研究几乎是 完全基于实验室环境中中产阶级背景的婴儿，包括 只有母亲。行走起始点的变化及其与语言的联系 低收入家庭中有过机车经历的婴儿的发育尚未得到探索 由于空间较小和获得资源的机会较少，他们可能不同于更富有的同龄人。 因为低收入儿童面临着一系列负面后果的风险，比如推迟 在语言发展方面，研究婴儿走路和语言之间的联系是很重要的 技能，就像中产阶级的孩子所表现出来的那样。为了解决这些问题，我们 检查：(1)低收入儿童样本中主要运动里程碑的变化，以及 父亲和母亲在游戏中散步时身体支持的具体联系 在9个月时和父母报告的后来获得行走能力；(2)近端和 18个月和24个月婴儿走路和语言技能的远端关联；以及(3) 行走和语言联系的可能机制，由父母介导 当控制关键背景时，语言输入、婴儿手势和对象操纵 各种因素。我们建议开发编码方案来评估父亲和母亲的身体状况 支持在游戏中走路，支持婴儿手势和物体操纵，转录亲子 并分析了走路与语言发展之间的直接和间接影响。 对200名低收入父母及其子女进行了抽样调查。数据取自 正在进行的由NICHD资助的纵向项目，包括不同种族的 说英语和西班牙语的父母。这项研究将支持早期干预计划 找出与长期学习成绩欠佳有关的具体机制 来自弱势背景的儿童，以及磨练干预措施，导致更多 取得有效和持续的积极成果。

Project Summary Low-income fathers’ and mothers’ parenting practices on infant locomotion and consequent language development: A longitudinal study from 9 to 24 months Locomotion such as crawling and walking during infancy is associated with an array of psychological functioning including visual proprioception, joint attention, manual search for hidden objects, attachment to others. The robustness of the association between infant locomotion and skills development has been demonstrated in a variety of research paradigms, including randomized controlled trials. More recently, researchers found that the onset of walking is associated with an increase in vocabulary, independent of the age at which walking begins. This relation has been replicated in cross sectional, cross-linguistic and retrospective survey studies. However, why walking benefits early language development remains an open empirical question. Other than some insightful speculations from studies with autistic children and case studies using LENA recordings, we know little about the mechanisms that link the onset of walking to language skill development. Moreover, research in this area is almost exclusively based on infants from middle-class backgrounds in laboratory settings and include only mothers. The variation in the onset of walking as well as its links with language development is unexplored among infants in low-income families whose locomotive experiences might be different from their wealthier peers due to less space and access to resources. Because low-income children are at risk for a host of negative outcomes such as delays in language development, it is important to examine the links between infant walking and language skills, as it has been shown with middle class children. To address these questions, we examine: (1) the variation of major motor milestones in a sample of low-income children, and the specific associations between fathers’ and mothers’ physical support of walking during play at 9 months and the later acquisition of walking as reported by parents; (2) the proximal and distal associations between infant walking and language skills at 18 and 24 months; and (3) possible mechanism underlying the walking and language association, mediated by parental language input, infant gesturing and object manipulation, when controlling for key background factors. We propose to develop coding schemes to assess both fathers’ and mothers’ physical support of walking during play, infant gesturing and object manipulation, transcribe parent-child interactions, and analyze the direct and indirect effects between walking and language growth in a sample of 200 low-income fathers and mothers and their children. Data are drawn from an ongoing NICHD-funded longitudinal project that includes an ethnically diverse sample of English- and Spanish-speaking parents. This research will support early intervention programs to identify specific mechanisms associated with long-term deficits in academic outcomes of children from disadvantaged backgrounds, as well as hone interventions that result in more effective and sustained positive outcomes.