EEG STUDIES OF DISABLED READERS

在3年的时间里，我们将研究100名残疾读者和50名 正常 读者 每组的孩子将是8到10岁。 的 残疾读者将在两个维度上细分，语音 分析技巧和连续命名速度，理论上， 是 阅读/拼写障碍的两个主要弱点（Bowers & Wolf，1993）。 孩子们将根据以下因素被挑选出来： 标准化 成绩测试成绩，且均在正常范围内 智能 语音和正字法的附加测试 分析 将管理技能和快速命名， 验证数据。 该项目的核心将是事件相关电位 （企业资源规划） 在学习期间，孩子们将被要求做准备， 韵 判断和词汇决定。 企业资源规划系统的三个组成部分是 主要 兴趣：（1）N400组件的目标词，这是 敏感 语音启动：（2）N150-P200复合体，位于枕叶 网站 对正交效应敏感（即，真实的和伪词 与 辅音字符串）;和（3）预期的慢波， 先于 启动任务中的目标词。 的幅度和潜伏期 企业资源规划 将分析组件，以及错误和反应时间 措施 也要研究的是受试者的脑电图功率谱， 沉默和 单词串的口头阅读。 主要定量EEG差异 以及 由于假设性能差异（外部验证）， 残疾亚组之间以及所有阅读能力差者和正常者之间的差异 读者 总的来说，最残疾的读者预计是那些谁 有 语音分析和命名速度的双重缺陷。越 严重语音障碍的儿童不会表现出 一致的语音启动视觉词。 听觉 语音 启动，如果发现在这些儿童，预计将更多 突出 与正常阅读者相反，右半球高于左半球。 语音上 受损儿童（无论是否是慢名者）都不会被期望 显示 在左枕叶区域（ 所谓 Visual Word Form System; Posner & Raichle，1994）. 慢名者是 预期具有较慢的反应时间，较慢的N150显影， N400 成分，以及衰减的ERP预期成分。

Over a 3-year period, we will study 100 disabled readers and 50 normal readers. The children in each group will be 8 to 10 years old. The disabled readers will be subdivided on two dimensions, phonological analysis skill and continuous naming speed which are theorized to be the two major weaknesses underlying reading/spelling disability (Bowers & Wolf, 1993). The children will be selected on the basis of standardized achievement test scores, and all will be within the normal range of intelligence. Additional tests of phonologic and orthographic analysis skill and rapid naming will be administered to provide concurrent validation data. The centerpiece of the project will be event-related potential (ERP) studies during which the children will be required to make primed rhyme judgements and lexical decisions. Three ERP components are of major interest: (1) the N400 component to target words, which is sensitive to phonological priming; (2) the N150-P200 complex, which at occipital sites is sensitive to orthographic effects (i.e., real and pseudowords versus consonant strings); and (3) the anticipatory slow wave that precedes target words in priming tasks. Both the magnitude and latency of the ERP components will be analyzed, as well as error and reaction time measures. Also to be studied are the subjects' EEG power spectra during silent and oral reading of word strings. Major quantitative EEG differences as well as performance differences (external validation) are hypothesized, between disabled subgroups and between all poor readers and normal readers. Overall, the most disabled readers are predicted to be those who have a double deficit in phonological analysis and naming speed. The more severely phonetically impaired children are not expected to exhibit consistent phonological priming to visual words. Auditory phonological priming, if found in these children, is expected to be more prominent in the right than left hemisphere, opposite to normal readers. Phonetically impaired children (whether or not slow namers) are not expected to show as consistent early activation in the left occipital area (the so-called Visual Word Form System; Posner & Raichle, 1994). Slow namers are expected to have slower reaction times, slower developing N150 and N400 components, and an attenuated ERP anticipatory component.