A Clonable High-Density for 3-D Electron Microscopy of Cellular Structures

近年来，人们对生物电子显微镜(EM)的兴趣重新高涨，包括 冷冻电子断层扫描。EM分析的一个局限性，特别是在细胞样本中，是确定 感兴趣蛋白质的位置。我们的最终目标是开发出将可靠的 基于快速冷冻和玻璃化冷冻的细胞结构的保存，通过标记技术 足够的信噪比，使得这些标记很容易被EM看到，特别是在3D电子断层图像中。 我们建议开发一种金属硫蛋白基因作为“可克隆的标签”，它将结合黄金，以提高其密度在 各种EM样品。金属硫蛋白是一种小蛋白(~6.5kD)，是贪婪的金属结合蛋白和 已被证明在体外形成金簇(Mercogliano&DeRosier，2006)。J·摩尔·比奥尔355：211-23)。 这种可克隆的高密度标签将彻底改变细胞断层扫描的实用价值，因为3D 蛋白质在复杂细胞结构中的位置可以通过纳米断层扫描来确定 决议。 金属硫蛋白作为一种可克隆的标记物的用途将从两个方面进行探索：一是开发 金属硫蛋白作为冷冻电子显微镜和冷冻电子断层扫描的可克隆标记 分离的或体外重组的大分子组件。特别是，微管-EG5马达 络合物将用于金属硫蛋白标记性质的定性和定量评估。 金属硫蛋白作为直接可见密度标记物在可平均和不可平均中的应用 将对结构进行分析。完整细胞玻璃化切片中金属硫蛋白标记的细胞成分， 类似于使用银色增强，也将进行测试。第二个目标是开发金属硫蛋白 作为一种可克隆的密度标签用于蛋白质在快速冷冻和冷冻替代材料中的定位 用塑料做的。金属硫蛋白标记的EG5激动素将被用来在体外组装定位的纺锤体 非洲爪哇卵提取液，以及适合断层扫描的脊椎动物组织培养细胞。 最后，金属硫蛋白标签将用于各种蛋白质的发芽酵母，包括α-微管蛋白 在微管中，Cin8运动蛋白样马达蛋白和Spc42是一种非常丰富的纺锤体极成分。它 预计金属硫蛋白可克隆密度标签将用于各种EM技术。

Recent years have seen a strong resurgence of interest in biological electron microscopy (EM)including cryo-electron tomography. A limitation of EM analysis, in particular in cellular samples, is determing the location of a protein of interest. Our ultimate goal is to develop methods that will combine the reliable preservation of cell structure based on rapid freezing and vitrification with labeling technologies that give sufficient signal-to-noise so that these labels are readily visible by EM, particularly in 3D electron tomograms. We propose to develop a metallothionein gene as a "clonable tag" that will bind gold to enhance its density in a variety of samples for EM. Metallothioneins are small proteins (~6.5 kD) that are avid metal binders and that have been shown to form gold clusters in vitro (Mercogliano & DeRosier 2006. J Mol Biol. 355:211-23). Such a clonable high-density tag would revolutionize the utility of cellular tomography because the 3D position of proteins in complex cellular structures could be determined by tomography at nanometer resolution. The utility of metallothionein as a clonable tag will be explored in two aims The first aim is to develop metallothionein as a clonable label for cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography applied to isolated or in vitro reconstituted macromolecular assemblies. In particular, the microtubule-Eg5 motor complex will be used for qualitative and quantitative assessment of the metallothionein labeling properties. The usefulness of metallothionein as a directly visible density marker in averagable and non-averagable structures will be assayed. Metallothionein-tagged cellular components in vitrified sections of intact cells, liklely with the use of silver-enhancement will also be tested. The second aim is to develop metallothionein as a clonable density tag for protein localization in rapidly frozen and freeze-substituted material embedded in plastic. The metallothionein-tagged Eg5 kinesin will be localized spindles assembled in vitro using Xenopus egg extracts, as well as in vertebrate tissue culture cells which are suitable for tomography. Finally, the metallothionein tag will be used in budding yeast on a variety of proteins, including alpha-tubulin in rnicrotubules, the Cin8 kinesin-like motor protein, and Spc42, a very abundant spindle pole component. It is anticipated that the metallothionein clonable density tag will be useful for a variety of EM techniques.