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Effect of attentional control on the expression of the negativity bias in aging

注意控制对衰老过程中消极偏向表达的影响

基本信息

批准号：
7938448
负责人：
MICHAEL A KISLEY
金额：
$ 31.41万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2010
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2010-04-15 至 2013-09-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7938448
关键词：
Adult Advertising Age Aging Attention Attenuated Automobile Driving Brain Charge Cognition Cognitive Decision Making Digit structure Elderly Emotional Emotions Equilibrium Event Exhibits Family Relationship Goals Health Healthcare Image Individual Instruction Investigation Measures Memory Participant Performance Personal Financing Personal Satisfaction Persuasive Communication Photic Stimulation Play Predisposition Reaction Time Regression Analysis Regulation Reporting Research Research Design Role Stimulus Testing Thinking Variant Well in self Wood material Work age effect age group age related base behavior measurement cognitive function daily functioning design directed attention emotional factor executive function improved information processing novel operation positive mood preference public health relevance relating to nervous system response showing emotion theories young adult

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Emotion and attention both work to focus our thoughts in a manner that is adaptive. However, it appears that as we age, emotional mechanisms shift, changing our priorities in terms of what is deemed to be relevant or irrelevant. In younger adults, a strong negativity bias has been reported, where individuals pay more attention to emotionally negative information and less attention to positive information. In older adults, there is evidence of a shift in focus from drawing attention towards the negative to a more equal balance between negative and positive stimuli, or even a shift towards a preference for positive information. To date, there has been extensive research on this change in emotional prioritization (often termed the "positivity effect") and its influence on cognition in aging. However, there has been little work examining how changes in emotional regulation interact with attentional mechanisms to cause these shifts. Specifically, the possible roles that bottom-up (involuntary) versus top-down (voluntary) factors play in driving this change has not been determined. Generating a deeper understanding of emotionally-based attention allocation in older adults is critical for at least two reasons: i) attention impacts all other cognitive functions including memory and emotion-laden decision making (e.g., health, personal finances); and ii) selective deployment of attention towards or away from emotionally-charged stimuli is an effective form of "emotional regulation." This is highly relevant for existing descriptions of aging, such as Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, which predict that older adults exhibit positivity biases in attention allocation in order to increase positive mood states and overall feelings of well-being. This has recently been hypothesized to arise from voluntary efforts to direct attention towards positive stimuli and away from negative ones. The research proposed here was designed to examine possible age-related changes in the attentional mechanisms behind emotional biases using an event-related brain potential (ERP) approach. Three studies are planned. In the first two, task instructions will be manipulated in order to isolate the influence of bottom-up and top-down attention allocation on an ERP-based measure of emotional prioritization of information processing in younger and older adults. If age-related shifts toward more "positive" prioritization are driven by voluntary efforts, then both younger and older adults should exhibit a negativity bias during the "bottom-up" condition. In the second study, participants will be asked to change their emotional 'frame,' allowing for an investigation into whether automatic emotional biases can be overcome through top-down control. The final study involves a comparison brain response measures to cognitive functions. If positivity effects associated with aging are purposeful then it should be the older adults with the greatest executive cognitive capacity that exhibit the weakest negativity biases in brain activity. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This research stands to improve the understanding of how emotional factors can influence cognitive function, and also how this influence might change with aging. The possibility that voluntary cognitive operations performed on "positive" information might not change with age in the same manner as those performed on "negative" information forces a revision of the widely-held view that cognition undergoes uniform, inexorable change. This has specific implications for the effective daily function of older adults including regulation and control of overall well-being, susceptibility to persuasion in advertising, and decision making in domains with emotionally-laden factors such as health care, personal finances, and family relationships.

描述（由申请人提供）：情绪和注意力都能以一种适应性的方式集中我们的思想。然而，随着年龄的增长，情绪机制似乎会发生变化，改变我们认为相关或不相关的优先事项。在年轻的成年人中，有强烈的负面偏见，人们更多地关注情绪上的负面信息，而较少关注积极信息。在老年人中，有证据表明，注意力从吸引注意力转向消极的东西，转向消极和积极刺激之间的平衡，甚至转向对积极信息的偏好。到目前为止，人们已经对这种情绪优先级的变化（通常称为“积极效应”）及其对衰老认知的影响进行了广泛的研究。然而，很少有人研究情绪调节的变化如何与注意力机制相互作用，从而导致这些变化。具体而言，自下而上（非自愿）与自上而下（自愿）因素在推动这一变化中可能发挥的作用尚未确定。对老年人基于情感的注意力分配产生更深入的理解是至关重要的，至少有两个原因：i）注意力影响所有其他认知功能，包括记忆和充满情感的决策（例如，健康、个人财务）;以及ii）选择性地将注意力朝向或远离充满情绪的刺激是“情绪调节”的有效形式。“这与现有的衰老描述高度相关，例如社会情绪选择理论，该理论预测老年人在注意力分配方面表现出积极的偏见，以增加积极的情绪状态和整体幸福感。最近有人假设，这是由于人们自愿努力将注意力引向积极的刺激，远离消极的刺激。本文提出的研究旨在使用事件相关脑电位（ERP）方法来研究情绪偏见背后的注意机制中可能与年龄相关的变化。计划进行三项研究。在前两个，任务指令将被操纵，以隔离的影响，自下而上和自上而下的注意力分配的ERP为基础的措施的情绪优先级的信息处理在年轻人和老年人。如果与年龄相关的向更“积极”的优先次序的转变是由自愿努力驱动的，那么年轻人和老年人在“自下而上”的条件下都应该表现出消极的偏见。在第二项研究中，参与者将被要求改变他们的情绪“框架”，以便调查是否可以通过自上而下的控制来克服自动情绪偏见。最后一项研究涉及比较大脑对认知功能的反应。如果与衰老相关的积极效应是有目的的，那么应该是具有最大执行认知能力的老年人在大脑活动中表现出最弱的消极偏见。公共卫生关系：这项研究有助于加深对情绪因素如何影响认知功能的理解，以及这种影响如何随着年龄的增长而变化。对“积极”信息进行的自愿认知操作可能不会以与对“消极”信息进行的认知操作相同的方式随年龄变化，这一可能性迫使人们对认知经历统一的、不可阻挡的变化这一广泛持有的观点进行修正。这对老年人有效的日常功能有具体的影响，包括调节和控制整体幸福感，对广告说服的敏感性，以及在医疗保健，个人财务和家庭关系等充满情感因素的领域中的决策。