Effects of Peritraumatic Alcohol Intoxication on Intrusive Memories

描述(申请人提供)：近五分之一的妇女遭受过强奸(Black等人，2011年)，约五分之一的强奸受害者出现创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)症状，包括侵入性记忆(Kilpatrick、Resnick、Ruggierio、Conoscenti和McCauley，2007年)。侵扰性记忆，包括创伤事件的生动、痛苦的想法或图像，是创伤后应激障碍的特征症状(Foa，Steketee，&Rothbaum，1989)。侵扰性记忆和相关的创伤症状与自杀企图的风险增加、合并精神健康诊断(Pietrzak，Goldstein，Southwick，&Grant，2011)和身体健康问题(Pacella，Hruska，&Delahanty，2013)相关。性侵犯后与侵入性记忆相关的高患病率和痛苦突出了了解此类侵入性记忆的病因的必要性。先前的研究已经研究了性侵犯后发展为侵入的各种危险因素(例如，对创伤的认知处理和记忆、瘤周应激)。然而，尽管当时所有被性侵犯的女性中有一半受到酒精的影响(Abbey，Zawacki，Buck，Clinton，&McAuslan，2004)，但很少有研究考察受害者酒精中毒在性侵犯后创伤症状发展中的作用。本研究通过检测在社区妇女样本中暴露于类似创伤后，瘤周酒精中毒对侵入性记忆的影响来满足这一需要。本研究在酒精近视模型(AMM；Steele&Josephs，1990)和创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)认知模型(Ehler&Clark，2000)的基础上，通过酒精近视、应激反应、认知加工方式和创伤记忆的紊乱，研究了肿瘤周围酒精中毒对侵入性记忆的剂量依赖性影响。这项研究利用了一个实验设计，其中包括基于实验室的酒精注射，一个被广泛接受的模拟创伤暴露范例(一部含有令人痛苦或“创伤”内容的电影)，对侵入性记忆的日常日记评估，以及关键结构(例如，酒精近视，压力反应)的行为测量。总体而言，酒精近视预计会扰乱认知处理和创伤记忆的形成，导致低水平醉酒的侵入性记忆增加。然而，在高度醉酒的情况下抑制压力反应有望减少侵入性记忆。从这项研究中获得的知识将阐明酒精中毒在侵入性记忆发展中的作用，并有望突出旨在减少酒精相关受害的预防和干预计划的重要性。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Nearly 1 in 5 women have been the victim of rape (Black et al., 2011), and about 2 in 5 rape victims develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including intrusive memories (Kilpatrick, Resnick, Ruggierio, Conoscenti, & McCauley, 2007). Intrusive memories, which include vivid, distressing thoughts or images of a traumatic event, are a hallmark symptom of PTSD (Foa, Steketee, & Rothbaum, 1989). Intrusive memories and related trauma symptoms are associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts, comorbid mental health diagnoses (Pietrzak, Goldstein, Southwick, & Grant, 2011), and physical health problems (Pacella, Hruska, & Delahanty, 2013). The high prevalence and suffering associated with intrusive memories following a sexual assault underscore the need to understand the etiology of such intrusions. Prior research has examined various risk factors for the development of intrusions following sexual assault (e.g., cognitive processing and memory for the trauma, peritraumatic stress). However, although half of all women who are sexually assaulted are under the influence of alcohol at the time (Abbey, Zawacki, Buck, Clinton, & McAuslan, 2004), little research has examined the role of victim alcohol intoxication in the development of post-assault trauma symptoms. The present study addresses this need by examining the effects of peritraumatic alcohol intoxication on intrusive memories following exposure to an analog trauma in a community sample of women. Drawing on the Alcohol Myopia Model (AMM; Steele & Josephs, 1990) and a prominent cognitive model of PTSD (Ehlers & Clark, 2000), the present investigation examines dose-dependent effects of peritraumatic alcohol intoxication on intrusive memories, as mediated by alcohol myopia, stress responses, cognitive processing style, and disorganization of trauma memories. The study utilizes an experimental design that includes lab-based alcohol administration, a well-accepted analog trauma exposure paradigm (a film with distressing or "traumatic" content), a daily diary assessment of intrusive memories, and behavioral measures of key constructs (e.g., alcohol myopia, stress response). Overall, alcohol myopia is expected to disrupt cognitive processing and formation of trauma memories, resulting in increased intrusive memories for low levels of intoxication. However, stress-response dampening at high levels of intoxication is expected to reduce intrusive memories. Knowledge gained from this study will clarify the role of alcohol intoxication in the development of intrusive memories and is expected to highlight the importance of prevention and intervention programs aimed at reducing alcohol-involved victimization.