Effects of Peritraumatic Alcohol Intoxication on Intrusive Memories

描述（由申请人提供）：近五分之一的妇女是强奸的受害者（布莱克等人，2011），大约五分之二的强奸受害者会出现创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的症状，包括侵入性记忆（Kilpatrick，Resnick，Ruggierio，Conoscenti，& McCauley，2007）。侵入性记忆，包括生动的，痛苦的想法或创伤事件的图像，是PTSD的标志性症状（Foa，Steketee，& Rothbaum，1989）。侵入性记忆和相关的创伤症状与自杀企图的风险增加有关，共病的心理健康诊断（Pietrzak，Goldstein，Southwick，& Grant，2011），和身体健康问题（Pacella，Hruska，& Delahanty，2013）。性侵犯后的侵入性记忆的高患病率和痛苦强调了了解这种侵入的病因学的必要性。先前的研究已经检查了性侵犯后入侵发展的各种风险因素（例如，创伤、创伤周围应激的认知处理和记忆）。然而，尽管所有遭受性侵犯的女性中有一半在当时受到酒精的影响（修道院，Zawacki，Buck，Clinton和McAuslan，2004），很少有研究探讨受害者酒精中毒在袭击后创伤症状发展中的作用。本研究解决了这一需要，通过检查创伤周围酒精中毒的影响，侵入性记忆暴露后，在社区样本的妇女模拟创伤。利用酒精近视模型（AMM; Steele & Josephs，1990）和PTSD的一个突出的认知模型（Ehlers & Clark，2000），本研究考察了创伤周围酒精中毒对侵入性记忆的剂量依赖性影响，如酒精近视、应激反应、认知处理方式和创伤记忆的混乱所介导的。该研究利用了一种实验设计，包括基于实验室的酒精管理，一种广为接受的模拟创伤暴露范式（具有痛苦或“创伤”内容的电影），侵入性记忆的每日日记评估，以及关键结构的行为测量（例如，酒精性近视、应激反应）。总的来说，酒精近视会破坏认知过程和创伤记忆的形成，导致低水平醉酒的侵入性记忆增加。然而，在高度醉酒的情况下，压力反应的抑制预计会减少侵入性记忆。从这项研究中获得的知识将澄清酒精中毒在侵入性记忆发展中的作用，并有望突出预防和干预计划的重要性，旨在减少酒精参与的受害。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Nearly 1 in 5 women have been the victim of rape (Black et al., 2011), and about 2 in 5 rape victims develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including intrusive memories (Kilpatrick, Resnick, Ruggierio, Conoscenti, & McCauley, 2007). Intrusive memories, which include vivid, distressing thoughts or images of a traumatic event, are a hallmark symptom of PTSD (Foa, Steketee, & Rothbaum, 1989). Intrusive memories and related trauma symptoms are associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts, comorbid mental health diagnoses (Pietrzak, Goldstein, Southwick, & Grant, 2011), and physical health problems (Pacella, Hruska, & Delahanty, 2013). The high prevalence and suffering associated with intrusive memories following a sexual assault underscore the need to understand the etiology of such intrusions. Prior research has examined various risk factors for the development of intrusions following sexual assault (e.g., cognitive processing and memory for the trauma, peritraumatic stress). However, although half of all women who are sexually assaulted are under the influence of alcohol at the time (Abbey, Zawacki, Buck, Clinton, & McAuslan, 2004), little research has examined the role of victim alcohol intoxication in the development of post-assault trauma symptoms. The present study addresses this need by examining the effects of peritraumatic alcohol intoxication on intrusive memories following exposure to an analog trauma in a community sample of women. Drawing on the Alcohol Myopia Model (AMM; Steele & Josephs, 1990) and a prominent cognitive model of PTSD (Ehlers & Clark, 2000), the present investigation examines dose-dependent effects of peritraumatic alcohol intoxication on intrusive memories, as mediated by alcohol myopia, stress responses, cognitive processing style, and disorganization of trauma memories. The study utilizes an experimental design that includes lab-based alcohol administration, a well-accepted analog trauma exposure paradigm (a film with distressing or "traumatic" content), a daily diary assessment of intrusive memories, and behavioral measures of key constructs (e.g., alcohol myopia, stress response). Overall, alcohol myopia is expected to disrupt cognitive processing and formation of trauma memories, resulting in increased intrusive memories for low levels of intoxication. However, stress-response dampening at high levels of intoxication is expected to reduce intrusive memories. Knowledge gained from this study will clarify the role of alcohol intoxication in the development of intrusive memories and is expected to highlight the importance of prevention and intervention programs aimed at reducing alcohol-involved victimization.