Mobile Eye-Tracking as a Tool for Studying Socioemotional Development: Threat-related Attention in a Social Context

项目摘要 成人和儿童的临床文献表明，临床焦虑或有高水平的人 特质焦虑表现出对威胁的注意偏向。此外，研究人员还可以加重或改善 在实验室里通过实验操纵注意力偏向而焦虑的思想和行为。这导致了 研究人员认为，对威胁的注意力偏向可能会导致焦虑。这些研究是一个重要的和 为注意力在焦虑出现中的作用提供了有用的概念证明。然而，与大多数 文献，这些研究依赖于基于计算机的任务，呈现给个人静态的情感面孔和 字里行间。偏见是从对刺激的行为反应时间(RTS)或眼神跟踪的模式中推断出来的。 这些数据虽然信息丰富，但生态有效性水平相对较低，因为刺激因素是单一的。 维度，无法支持潜在的交互。此外，这些任务还涉及定向到 预先选择的刺激，而不是与威胁相关的注意选择。然而，潜在的理论表明 注意力与社交退缩/焦虑有关，特别是因为社交和威胁方面 环境是不可预测的，是多维的，需要孩子们的灵活性。因此，我们知道的很少，如果 任何事情，关于注意偏差在体内可能如何与早期社会行为相关联。 我们需要能够更贴近地捕捉儿童对其所处环境的体验的方法 (社会性和非社会性)，以儿童为中心，以儿童为导向。目前的提案解决了这些差距 通过(1)在有焦虑症气质风险的幼儿中测试创新的移动眼球跟踪系统 因为他们(3)既静坐又互动地关注威胁范例。我们将把 实验室气质评估对发作期眼睛凝视的连续测量 电池(Lab-TAB)，旨在引发对假定的社会和非社会威胁的恐惧行为。一个社会性的 DYAD插曲将被用来检查在联合游戏过程中部署的注意过程。我们专注于4到6年- 老年儿童--焦虑症发作前的年龄段，但在此期间社交退缩 对于脾气暴躁的孩子来说，这一点更为明显。因此，我们将检查儿童在行为上的变化 抑制(BI)是我们对焦虑的最强气质预测因子，在静止状态下，与威胁相关的注意力不同 以及移动眼球跟踪任务与非BI同龄人的对比。最后，我们将看看是久坐不动还是移动 关注威胁数据有助于更好地预测BI与焦虑和社交退缩之间的关联。 这一研究路线反映了研究领域标准中对整合多层次的关注 通过检查对潜在威胁的反应(负价系统)、注意力模式的机制 (认知系统)和不同社会情感背景下的早期情感模式(负价态 系统和社会进程)。我们还将深入到NIMH的目标2的核心，通过描述 行为发展，以便确定临床上有用的跨疾病轨迹变化的指标。

Project Summary The adult and child clinical literature suggests that individuals who are clinically anxious or have high levels of trait anxiety show attention biases to threat. In addition, researchers can exacerbate or ameliorate levels of anxious thought and behavior by experimentally manipulating attention biases in the lab. This has led researchers to argue that attention biases to threat may cause anxiety. These studies are an important and useful proof of concept for the role of attention in the emergence of anxiety. However, as with much of the literature, these studies rely on computer-based tasks that present individuals with static emotion faces and words. Biases are inferred from patterns of behavioral reaction times (RTs) or eye-tracking to the stimuli. These data, while informative, have relatively low levels of ecological validity, as the stimuli are uni- dimensional and unable to support potential interaction. In addition, these tasks tap into orienting to preselected stimuli, rather than threat-related attention selection. However, underlying theory suggests that attention is associated with social withdrawal/anxiety specifically because social and threatening aspects of the environment are unpredictable, multi-dimensional, and require flexibility from the child. Thus, we know little, if anything, regarding how attention bias in vivo may be associated with early social behavior. We need methodologies that can more closely capture the child's experience of his or her environment (social and non-social) and are child-focused and child-directed. The current proposal addresses these gaps by (1) testing an innovative mobile eye-tracking system in (2) young children at temperamental risk for anxiety as they (3) engage in both sedentary and interactive attention to threat paradigms. We will incorporate continuous measurements of eye gaze during episodes from the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Lab-TAB) designed to elicit fearful behavior towards putative social and non-social threats. A social dyad episode will be used to examine attention processes deployed during joint play. We focus on 4 to 6-year- old children – an age period preceding the onset of anxiety disorders, but during which social withdrawal is more apparent for temperamentally fearful children. As such, we will examine if children varying in behavioral inhibition (BI), our strongest temperamental predictor of anxiety, differ in threat-related attention on stationary and mobile eye tracking tasks versus non-BI peers. Finally, we will look to see if either sedentary or mobile attention to threat data helps better predict the association between BI and anxiety and social withdrawal. This line of research reflects the focus in the Research Domain Criteria on integrating multilevel mechanisms by examining response to potential threat (negative valence systems), attention patterns (cognitive systems) and early patterns of affect across varying socioemotional contexts (negative valence systems and social processes). We also go to the heart of NIMH's Objective 2, by characterizing markers of behavioral development in order to identify clinically useful indicators of change across illness trajectories.