Social and Genetic Contributions to Children's Sleep, Health, and Functioning

描述（由申请人提供）：通过我们不同种族的纵向双胞胎研究，我们旨在了解婴儿、幼儿和儿童家庭社会文化环境影响睡眠质量和健康相关行为之间日常联系的遗传和环境机制。此外，我们还阐明了动态睡眠过程与儿童中期身体健康和学业功能之间纵向关联的机制。由于睡眠质量是可遗传的，家庭环境的组成部分也可通过基因-环境相关性遗传，因此它们的共变可能是遗传或环境介导的，因此不使用遗传信息设计，就无法推断出环境的因果关系。环境的突出方面包括a)家庭价值观和压力源（包括特定文化的压力源），b)家庭稳定和混乱，c)反应性和消极的养育方式。具体来说，在目标1中，我们模拟了儿童中期的动态睡眠和健康行为过程，以及社会文化环境在调节这些过程中的作用。在目标2中，我们从儿童两年前的平均和动态睡眠和健康行为过程中预测身体健康和学业功能。我们还研究了这些动态过程在多大程度上调解了社会文化环境与后来的身体健康和学术功能之间的联系。在Aim 3中，我们使用双胞胎方法来记录遗传和环境对儿童睡眠、健康和学业成绩的多个组成部分的影响。在目标4中，我们使用双胞胎方法来确定所测量的社会文化环境调节睡眠和健康行为的遗传性的程度。这项研究将首次使用遗传信息动态日常方法来理解社会文化环境-睡眠关系。拟议的研究形成了一个具有互补专业知识的年轻研究小组的新合作。该项目以其发展文化和遗传方法而闻名，该方法揭示了基因与环境的相互作用，广泛评估了大脑发育敏感时期的社会文化环境，建立了昼夜节律，形成了就寝时间和习惯。在弹性框架下，我们研究了保护性和风险过程，因为保护性环境，如敏感的父母和就寝习惯，可能抵消睡眠问题的遗传或环境风险。结合这些设计特点，通过阐明支持预防性干预工作的过程，成倍地增加了科学贡献。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): With our ethnically diverse longitudinal twin study, we aim to understand the genetic and environmental mechanisms by which the infant, toddler and childhood family sociocultural environments impact day-to-day associations between quality of sleep and health-related behaviors. Also, we elucidate mechanisms accounting for the longitudinal association between dynamic sleep processes and physical health and academic functioning in middle childhood. Without the use of a genetically-informed design, environmental causation cannot be inferred because quality of sleep is heritable, components of the family environment are also heritable through gene-environment correlation, and thus their covariation may be genetically or environmentally mediated. Salient aspects of the environment include a) family values and stressors (including culture-specific stressors), b) home stability and chaos and c) responsive and negative parenting. Specifically, under Aim 1 we model within person dynamic sleep and health behavioral processes in middle childhood, and the role of the sociocultural environment in moderating these processes. Under Aim 2, we predict physical health and academic functioning from children's average and dynamic sleep and health behavioral processes two years earlier. We also examine the extent to which these dynamic processes mediate the associations between the sociocultural environment and later physical health and academic functioning. With Aim 3, we use the twin method to document genetic and environmental contributions to multiple components of children's sleep, health and academic outcomes. Under Aim 4, we use the twin method to determine the extent to which the measured sociocultural environment moderates the heritability of sleep and health behaviors. This study would be the first to use a genetically-informative dynamic daily approach to understand sociocultural environment-sleep relations. The proposed study forms a new collaboration of a young team of investigators with complementary expertise. The project is notable for its developmental cultural and genetic approach that uncovers gene-environment interplay, extensive assessment of the sociocultural environment during a sensitive period for brain development, establishment of a circadian rhythm, and formation of bedtime routines and habits. Under a resilience framework, we study protective as well as risk processes, as protective environments such as sensitive parenting and bedtime routines likely offset genetic or environmental risk for sleep problems. Combining these design features exponentially increases the scientific contribution by elucidating processes that support preventive intervention efforts.