Restoration of marine ecosystems under the impacts of fisheries and climate

渔业和气候影响下海洋生态系统的恢复

• 批准号: 140979-2006
• 负责人: Pitcher, Anthony
• 金额: $ 1.46万
• 依托单位: University of British Columbia
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2006-01-01 至 2007-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=335102
• 关键词: Restoration; marine; ecosystems; under; impacts

My research aims to assess and mitigate the impacts of fisheries on aquatic ecosystems; exploitation in aquatic food webs shifts the balance between schooling pelagic fishes and demersal fish, and hence affects the long-term sustainability of human fisheries. New approaches, methodologies and tools are employed as hypothesis testing engines. In particular my research focusses on how historical reconstruction of past ecosystem states provides quantitative long-term management goals and a template against which management options can be evaluated.  The work employs several types of dynamic numerical ecosystem modelling, including spatial models, that allows tests of hypotheses about how fisheries alter the trophic structure, habitat, species diversity, keystone species and life history characteristics of organisms in aquatic ecosystems. This methodology makes it possible to carry out thought-experiments, since real ones are both impractical and unethical. Historical case studies use spatial simulation techniques, including the recovery of fish and fisheries in depleted, overfished and polluted systems, the effects of no-take marine reserves, sectoral closures and human-made reefs. The work attempts to emulate important ecological processes in plankton dynamics, trophodynamics, habitat structure and life history parameters. Models are improved by challenging them with considerable amounts of data from surveys and experimental analyses. Parameter uncertainty is accounted by for Monte Carlo techniques while climate fluctuations are simulated using a range of environmental forcing functions at selected nodes in the ecosystem models; risks are evaluated using semi-Bayesian Monte Carlo techniques. I am also further developing a multi-disciplinary rapid evaluation technique, termed "Rapfish", that uses non-parametric ordination and fuzzy logic to provide numerical scores, with confidence limits, that express compliance with stated management goals, such as sustainability, or compliance with international codes of conduct. Case studies come from a wide range of temperate, tropical and polar ecosystems.

我的研究旨在评估和减轻渔业对水生生态系统的影响；对水生食物网的开发改变了中上层鱼类和底层鱼类之间的平衡，从而影响了人类渔业的长期可持续性。新的途径、方法和工具被用作假设检验引擎。特别是，我的研究重点是过去生态系统状态的历史重建如何提供量化的长期管理目标和一个可以评估管理选项的模板。这项工作使用了几种类型的动态数字生态系统模型，包括空间模型，允许测试关于渔业如何改变水生生态系统中生物的营养结构、生境、物种多样性、关键物种和生活史特征的假设。这种方法论使进行思维实验成为可能，因为真正的实验既不切实际，又不道德。历史案例研究使用空间模拟技术，包括枯竭、过度捕捞和污染系统中鱼类和渔业的恢复、禁捕海洋保护区、部门关闭和人造珊瑚礁的影响。这项工作试图在浮游生物动力学、营养动力学、栖息地结构和生活史参数方面模拟重要的生态过程。通过使用来自调查和实验分析的大量数据来挑战模型，对模型进行了改进。蒙特卡罗技术考虑了参数的不确定性，而气候波动则使用生态系统模型中选定节点的一系列环境强迫函数来模拟；风险则使用半贝叶斯蒙特卡罗技术进行评估。我还在进一步开发一种名为“RapFish”的多学科快速评价技术，该技术使用非参数排序和模糊逻辑来提供带有置信度的数字分数，表示遵守所述管理目标，如可持续性，或遵守国际行为守则。案例研究来自广泛的温带、热带和极地生态系统。