Biomechanics of fin/body intereactions in fish propelled by median and/or paired fins

动物是如何工作的？在整个动物中，这个问题通常指的是结构与功能的关系(S)。例如，鱼是如何游泳的？机制(鱼如何与水相互作用产生推进力)、能量学(鱼游泳需要多少能量)和效率(浪费了多少能量)对于通过向下发出波浪游泳的鱼来说是很清楚的。这使得人们了解了迁徙的鲑鱼的耐力壮举，金枪鱼的高游泳速度，以及梭鱼在捕捉猎物时的快速加速。关于具有保护性刚体的鱼(如方头鱼和河豚)，人们对其了解较少，这种鱼通过鳍的运动游泳，这种运动可能像划桨、翅膀或起伏的床单。在之前的研究中，我发现了一些适应性，使这些鱼能够在复杂、杂乱的环境中高效地移动，比如它们生活的珊瑚礁或海藻床。这项研究着眼于鱼的鳍和身体之间的一些具有能量优势的机械相互作用。例如，附着在刚体上的波浪片状鳍片由于与其附着的物体有正的机械相互作用而非常有效和高效。当它靠近天使鱼身体的一侧时，划桨鳍底部的压力增加，可能足以在不需要任何肌肉力量的情况下阻止鳍。像翅膀一样的鳍在游动的鱼的两侧快速拍打，当水在鳍的下侧和身体的一侧之间挤压出来时，会产生喷射效果。最近，工程师们转向生物学，为他们建造的结构和车辆寻找想法和模型。这是一门新的仿生学科学。鳍推进的刚体鱼被视为用于环境监测，如检测污染物浓度和来源的自动水下机器人的设计和功能的仿生模型系统。

How do animals work? In whole animals the question usually refers to the relationship(s) of structure to function. For example, how does a fish swim? The mechanics (how a fish interacts with water to produce propulsive forces), energetics (how much energy it costs a fish to swim) and efficiency (how much energy is wasted) are well understood for fish that swim by sending waves down their bodies. This has allowed for an understanding of the feats of endurance of migrating salmon, the high swimming speed of tuna and the rapid acceleration of pike as they catch their prey. Less is known about fish that have a protective rigid body (like boxfish and puffer fish) that swim by fin movements which may act like paddles rowing, wings or undulating sheets. In previous studies, I identified a number of adaptations that allow these fish to move efficiently through the complex, cluttered environments such as coral reefs or kelp beds in which they live. This study looks at a number of energetically advantageous mechanical interactions between the fish's fins and body. For example, a waving sheet-like fin attached to a rigid body is very effective and efficient due to a positive mechanical interaction with the body to which it is attached. The increased pressure on the underside of a paddling fin as it comes up close to the side of the body of an angel fish is probably sufficient to stop the fin without the need for any muscle power. Wing-like fins that flap rapidly against the sides of a swimming fish can produce jet effects as water is squeezed out between the underside of the fin and the side of the body. Recently, engineers have turned to biology for ideas and models for structures and vehicles that they build. This is the new science of biomimetics. Fin propelled rigid bodied fish are viewed as biomimetic model systems for the design and function of automated underwater vehicles to be used in environmental monitoring such as detecting concentrations and sources of pollutants.