Biomechanics of fin/body intereactions in fish propelled by median and/or paired fins

动物是如何工作的？在整个动物中，这个问题通常指的是结构与功能的关系。例如，鱼是如何游泳的？机械学（鱼如何与水相互作用以产生推进力），能量学（鱼游泳需要多少能量）和效率（浪费多少能量）对于通过向身体发送波浪来游泳的鱼来说是很好理解的。这使得人们能够理解鲑鱼迁徙的耐力，金枪鱼的高速游泳和梭子鱼捕捉猎物时的快速加速。人们对具有保护性刚性身体的鱼类（如箱鲀和河豚）知之甚少，它们通过鳍的运动来游泳，鳍的运动可能像划桨、翅膀或波浪状的床单。在以前的研究中，我确定了一些适应性，使这些鱼能够有效地通过复杂，杂乱的环境，如珊瑚礁或海带床，他们生活。这项研究着眼于鱼的鳍和身体之间的一些积极有利的机械相互作用。例如，附接到刚性主体的波浪状片状翅片由于与其附接到的主体的积极机械相互作用而非常有效和高效。增加的压力下的划桨鳍，因为它接近一侧的身体的天使鱼可能是足以停止鳍，而不需要任何肌肉力量。像翅膀一样的鳍快速拍打着游动的鱼的两侧，当水从鳍的下侧和身体的侧面之间被挤压出来时，可以产生喷射效果。最近，工程师们转向生物学，为他们建造的结构和车辆寻找想法和模型。这是仿生学的新科学。鳍推进的刚体鱼被视为仿生模型系统的设计和功能的自动水下航行器，用于环境监测，如检测污染物的浓度和来源。

How do animals work? In whole animals the question usually refers to the relationship(s) of structure to function. For example, how does a fish swim? The mechanics (how a fish interacts with water to produce propulsive forces), energetics (how much energy it costs a fish to swim) and efficiency (how much energy is wasted) are well understood for fish that swim by sending waves down their bodies. This has allowed for an understanding of the feats of endurance of migrating salmon, the high swimming speed of tuna and the rapid acceleration of pike as they catch their prey. Less is known about fish that have a protective rigid body (like boxfish and puffer fish) that swim by fin movements which may act like paddles rowing, wings or undulating sheets. In previous studies, I identified a number of adaptations that allow these fish to move efficiently through the complex, cluttered environments such as coral reefs or kelp beds in which they live. This study looks at a number of energetically advantageous mechanical interactions between the fish's fins and body. For example, a waving sheet-like fin attached to a rigid body is very effective and efficient due to a positive mechanical interaction with the body to which it is attached. The increased pressure on the underside of a paddling fin as it comes up close to the side of the body of an angel fish is probably sufficient to stop the fin without the need for any muscle power. Wing-like fins that flap rapidly against the sides of a swimming fish can produce jet effects as water is squeezed out between the underside of the fin and the side of the body. Recently, engineers have turned to biology for ideas and models for structures and vehicles that they build. This is the new science of biomimetics. Fin propelled rigid bodied fish are viewed as biomimetic model systems for the design and function of automated underwater vehicles to be used in environmental monitoring such as detecting concentrations and sources of pollutants.