Integrated disinfection strategies for treatment of drinking water

在饮用水配水系统中，细菌和其他病原体往往聚集在管道表面，也就是所谓的生物膜的形成。消毒是将这种形成最小化的关键步骤，这种形成有可能导致病原微生物的增加。供应商通常会出于不同的原因在处理过程中结合使用初级和次级消毒剂，尽管这是一种广泛使用的做法，但很少有人强调消毒剂之间的潜在协同效益。协同的好处将包括当消毒剂“共同作用”时，增强减少供水系统中细菌的能力。目前发表的专门研究协同作用的研究很少。尤其是使用紫外线处理饮用水。兰德博士之前所做的工作在实验室测试中确定了紫外线和氯基消毒剂之间存在协同去除大肠杆菌(E.Coli)。此外，通过模拟分配系统在现场研究中也发现存在潜在的协同效益。计算协同效应是Koivunen等人提出的概念。(2005)，其中指出，当联合消毒策略的去除大于每个消毒剂单独实现的去除的总和时，就存在协同作用。尽管这是一个有用的等式，但它仅依赖于消毒剂的效果。因此，它很难应用于长期研究中，在长期研究中，管道材料、水质、营养供应和其他问题将在生物膜的形成中发挥严重作用。然而，如果协同作用能够被现实地量化，这可能导致供应商能够在不增加消毒剂剂量的情况下减少更多的致病微生物。这项研究的目的是调查不同条件下消毒剂之间协同作用的潜力，并开发一个模型来量化协同作用，以便公用事业公司能够在没有长期试验台和试点研究的情况下模拟其系统。

In drinking water distribution systems, bacteria and other pathogens tend to cluster on pipe surfaces, otherwise known as the formation of biofilm.  Disinfection is a key step for minimizing this formation, which has the potential to lead to an increase in pathogenic microorganisms.  Suppliers will often utilize primary and secondary disinfectants in combination in the treatment process for different reasons, and although this is a widely used practice little emphasis has been placed on the potential for synergistic benefits between disinfectants.  Synergistic benefits would include an enhanced ability to reduce bacteria in distribution systems when the disinfectants "work together".  There have been few studies published that were designed specifically to investigate synergy, especially using UV light for the treatment of drinking water.  Previous work done by Dr. Rand has established in laboratory tests that synergy exits between UV light and chlorine-based disinfectants for removing Escherichia coli (E. coli).  It was also found in field studies through simulating distribution systems that there was potential for synergistic benefits.  To calculate synergy, a concept presented by Koivunen et al. (2005) was adopted, which stated that synergy was present when the removal of a combined disinfection strategy was greater than the sum of removals achieved by each disinfectant alone.  Although this is a useful equation, it relies on disinfectant efficacy alone.  Therefore, it is difficult to apply in long-term studies, where pipe material, water quality, nutrient supply and other issues would play a serious role in the formation of biofilm.  However, if synergy could be quantified realistically, this could lead to suppliers being able to reduce more pathogenic microorganisms without increasing disinfectant dosages.  The purpose of this research is to investigate the potential for synergy between disinfectants under different conditions and to develop a model to quantify synergy so that utilities might be able to simulate their systems without long-term bench and pilot studies.