Vehicle to grid multi-scale energy system modelling to enhance renewables

与传统化石燃料相比，可再生能源对环境的影响较小，但存在能量密度低、成本高、间歇性等问题。低能量密度要求安装分布式发电机，这在一定程度上缓解了间歇性问题。然而，除了大规模水力发电和常规生物质发电外，按需供电的能力受到电网存储和负荷转移能力的限制。由于负荷转移能力有限，因此需要额外的存储来实现更高水平的可再生能源发电。插电式混合动力汽车（phev）在车辆到电网（V2G）应用中可能能够提供这种额外的存储。在这项研究的第一阶段，将开发一个计算模型，该模型将汇总省、国家和大陆尺度上的电源和负荷，同时还将考虑在不同地理环境下，跨越一系列发电技术和负荷类型的地方尺度上的电网连接。在本研究的第二阶段，该模型将应用于V2G场景下插电式混合动力汽车的研究。这些方案可能会为交通能源难题提供潜在的解决方案，通过允许分布式可再生能源在经济上取代汽油，同时也为间歇性可再生能源提供更高的容量信贷。对这些情况的研究将有助于制定政策和技术，以便最有效地开发插电式混合动力汽车的潜力。

Renewable energy sources have lower environmental impact than conventional fossil fuels, but are hindered by low energy density, high cost and intermittency. Low energy density requires installation of distributed generators, mitigating somewhat the intermittency problem. However, with the exception of large-scale hydro and conventional biomass, the ability to supply power on demand is limited by the storage and load transfer capacities of the grid. As load transfer capacity is limited, additional storage is therefore needed to enable higher levels of renewable generation. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) in Vehicle to Grid (V2G) applications may be able to provide this additional storage. In the first phase of this research, a computational model will be developed that aggregates electrical sources and loads at provincial, national and continental scales, while also considering grid-connection at the local scale, across a range of generation technologies and load types, in varying geographic contexts. In the second phase of this research, the model will be applied to the study of PHEVs in V2G scenarios. These scenarios may offer potential solutions to the difficult problem of transportation energy, by allowing distributed renewables to be economic in displacing gasoline, while also affording higher capacity credits to intermittentrenewable energy sources. The study of these scenarios will assist in the development of policies and technologies to enable the most effective exploitation of the potential of PHEVs.