Vehicle to grid multi-scale energy system modelling to enhance renewables

可再生能源对环境的影响低于传统化石燃料，但受到低能量密度、高成本和不稳定性的阻碍。低能量密度需要安装分布式发电机，在一定程度上缓解了不稳定性问题。然而，除了大规模的水力发电和传统的生物质发电外，按需供电的能力受到电网的储存和负荷转移能力的限制。由于负荷转移能力有限，因此需要额外的存储来实现更高水平的可再生发电。车辆到电网（V2G）应用中的插电式混合动力电动车辆（PHEV）可能能够提供这种额外的存储。在这项研究的第一阶段，将开发一个计算模型，在省，国家和大陆规模上聚合电源和负载，同时还考虑在不同的地理环境中，在一系列发电技术和负载类型的地方规模上的电网连接。在本研究的第二阶段，该模型将应用于V2G场景下的PHEV研究。这些方案可能为运输能源的难题提供潜在的解决方案，允许分布式可再生能源在取代汽油方面具有经济性，同时还为间歇性能源提供更高的容量信用。

Renewable energy sources have lower environmental impact than conventional fossil fuels, but are hindered by low energy density, high cost and intermittency. Low energy density requires installation of distributed generators, mitigating somewhat the intermittency problem. However, with the exception of large-scale hydro and conventional biomass, the ability to supply power on demand is limited by the storage and load transfer capacities of the grid. As load transfer capacity is limited, additional storage is therefore needed to enable higher levels of renewable generation. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) in Vehicle to Grid (V2G) applications may be able to provide this additional storage. In the first phase of this research, a computational model will be developed that aggregates electrical sources and loads at provincial, national and continental scales, while also considering grid-connection at the local scale, across a range of generation technologies and load types, in varying geographic contexts. In the second phase of this research, the model will be applied to the study of PHEVs in V2G scenarios. These scenarios may offer potential solutions to the difficult problem of transportation energy, by allowing distributed renewables to be economic in displacing gasoline, while also affording higher capacity credits to intermittent