Fungal diversity in eastern Canada forests; biogeography and taxonomy of selected mushrooms

这项研究计划有两个目标。 第一个目标是确定和比较的多样性和社区结构的真菌在土壤中，凋落物，木材碎片在四个不同的，但相邻的森林类型在南部安大略使用大规模的并行焦磷酸测序。森林类型将包括三个外营养（苏格兰松，铁杉，和老生长硬木）和一个非外营养（糖枫）的立场。我们预测，地下真菌群落之间的外营养的立场将更加相似，而地上真菌群落将更加相似的木材和凋落物类型（软木与硬木）。另一个有待检验的假设是，环境真菌的大量DNA取样将恢复比霍克斯沃思（1991）报道的传统真菌取样方法的平均6：1的真菌：植物比率高得多的真菌：植物比率。 如果这一假设被证明是正确的，那么全球真菌多样性可能远远高于预测的150万。本研究的第二个目的是评估的生态和/或经济重要性，并重新评估其分类的选择加拿大东部大型真菌的地理关系。 这些真菌属于外生菌根属鹅膏菌属、蜡蘑属、鸡油菌属和水螅属，以及腐生菌属Xerula、Xeromphalina、Plephalum和灵芝属。选择这些分类群是因为它们通常在北方温带森林中发现，但在分类学上仍然存在问题。我们预测，加拿大东部的大型真菌将，在一般情况下，更密切相关的物种向南发现在阿巴拉契亚山脉比他们是美国西部和欧洲的物种，从而有利于从更多的南部难民的冰后期tenonization的假设。 这也将使许多北美东部分类群的欧洲名称的应用无效，因为它们在过去很大程度上被应用。

This research proposal has two objectives. The first objective is to determine and compare the diversity and community structure of fungi in soil, litter, and wood debris in four different but adjacent forest types in southern Ontario with the use of massive parallel pyrosequencing. Forest types will include three ectotrophic (scots pine, hemlock, and old growth hardwood) and one non-ectotrophic (sugar maple) stands. We predict that below ground fungal communities will be more similar among ectotrophic stands, while above ground fungal communities will be more similar with respect to wood and litter type (softwood vs. hardwood). Another hypothesis to be tested is that massive DNA sampling of environmental fungi will recover a much higher fungal:plant ratio than the average 6:1 ratio reported by Hawksworth (1991) from traditional fungal sampling methods. If this hypothesis proves correct, then fungal diversity worldwide could be much higher than the predicted 1.5 million. The second objective of this study is to assess the biogeographic relationships of selected eastern Canadian macrofungi of ecological and/or economic importance and to reevaluate their taxonomy. These fungi belong to the ectomycorrhizal genera Amanita, Laccaria, Cantharellus, and Hydnum and the saprobes genera Xerula, Xeromphalina, Pleurotus and Ganoderma. These taxa are chosen because they are commonly found in northern hemisphere temperate forests yet are still taxonomically problematic. We predict that eastern Canadian macrofungi will, in general, be more closely related to species found southward in the Appalaches than they are to western America and European species, thus favoring the hypothesis of post-glacial recolonization from more southern refugees. This would also invalidate the application of European names for many eastern North American taxa as they have largely been applied in the past.