Fungal diversity in eastern Canada forests; biogeography and taxonomy of selected mushrooms

这项研究提案有两个目的。第一个目标是利用大规模平行焦磷酸测序技术，确定和比较安大略省南部四种不同但相邻的森林类型土壤、凋落物和木屑中真菌的多样性和群落结构。森林类型将包括三种外养(樟子松、铁杉和老树阔叶林)和一种非外养(糖枫)林。我们预测，在外养林分中，地下真菌群落将更加相似，而地上真菌群落将在木材和凋落物类型(软木与硬木)方面更加相似。另一个需要检验的假设是，对环境真菌进行大量DNA采样将从传统的真菌采样方法中恢复出比Hawks worth(1991)报告的平均6：1的真菌与植物比例高得多的真菌与植物的比例。如果这一假设被证明是正确的，那么全球真菌多样性可能会远远高于预测的150万。这项研究的第二个目标是评估选定的加拿大东部具有生态和/或经济重要性的大型真菌的生物地理关系，并重新评估它们的分类。这些真菌分属于外生菌根属Amanita、Laccaria、Cantharellus和Hydnum，以及腐生菌属Xerula、Xeromphalina、Pleurotus和Ganoderma。之所以选择这些分类群，是因为它们常见于北半球温带森林，但在分类学上仍然存在问题。我们预测，总的来说，加拿大东部的大型真菌与阿巴拉契斯山脉南部发现的物种的亲缘关系将比与美洲西部和欧洲物种的亲缘关系更近，因此支持更多南部难民的冰川后重新殖民假说。这也将使许多北美东部分类群的欧洲名称的应用失效，因为它们在过去基本上是被应用的。

This research proposal has two objectives. The first objective is to determine and compare the diversity and community structure of fungi in soil, litter, and wood debris in four different but adjacent forest types in southern Ontario with the use of massive parallel pyrosequencing. Forest types will include three ectotrophic (scots pine, hemlock, and old growth hardwood) and one non-ectotrophic (sugar maple) stands. We predict that below ground fungal communities will be more similar among ectotrophic stands, while above ground fungal communities will be more similar with respect to wood and litter type (softwood vs. hardwood). Another hypothesis to be tested is that massive DNA sampling of environmental fungi will recover a much higher fungal:plant ratio than the average 6:1 ratio reported by Hawksworth (1991) from traditional fungal sampling methods. If this hypothesis proves correct, then fungal diversity worldwide could be much higher than the predicted 1.5 million. The second objective of this study is to assess the biogeographic relationships of selected eastern Canadian macrofungi of ecological and/or economic importance and to reevaluate their taxonomy. These fungi belong to the ectomycorrhizal genera Amanita, Laccaria, Cantharellus, and Hydnum and the saprobes genera Xerula, Xeromphalina, Pleurotus and Ganoderma. These taxa are chosen because they are commonly found in northern hemisphere temperate forests yet are still taxonomically problematic. We predict that eastern Canadian macrofungi will, in general, be more closely related to species found southward in the Appalaches than they are to western America and European species, thus favoring the hypothesis of post-glacial recolonization from more southern refugees. This would also invalidate the application of European names for many eastern North American taxa as they have largely been applied in the past.