Manipulations of the emotional valence of stimuli between encoding and retieval: implications for memory

越来越多的证据表明，在一定条件下，外显和内隐记忆偏见都会对情绪激动的信息产生影响。也就是说，参与者在编码一些情绪上引起沿着的信息和相同数量的情绪上中性的信息时，在以后的各种外显和内隐记忆范式中，会比中性的信息提取出更多的情绪上引起共鸣的信息。错误记忆的研究表明，在编码和提取之间提供的信息会影响提取的准确性，但很少有研究探讨是否改变编码信息的情绪效价提取前会影响什么信息被检索。当前的申请提出解决当要记住的信息在编码时是中性的但在稍后的时间点被制成情感唤起时如何影响检索的问题。我们的目的是确定当信息在编码时是中性的时，是否可以检测到对情感唤起信息的记忆偏见。其他研究将使用各种其他方法来研究这一概念，包括编码、提供新信息和检索之间的延迟变化;而其他研究将改变情绪效价，以确定这种效应是否仅与负面情绪或与任何激发情绪相关的刺激有关。这项工作将有重要的影响，我们的理解如何的情绪（和/或中性）性质的信息影响其随后的检索，以及如何与此相关的过程受到影响的时间产生的情绪唤醒与刺激。如果我们的假设得到支持，这可能提供一种机制，通过这种机制，可以选择性地增强（或减少）对已经学习过的信息的记忆。这项工作的其他影响涉及与情绪问题相关的记忆的性质，这些问题随着时间的推移或延迟而发展。

There is growing evidence that, under certain conditions, both explicit and implicit memory biases occur for emotionally arousing information. That is, participants who encode some information that is emotionally arousing along with identical amounts of emotionally neutral information will later retrieve significantly more of the emotionally arousing than neutral information through a variety of explicit and implicit memory paradigms. Research on false memories has demonstrated that information provided between encoding and retrieval can influence the accuracy of retrieval, however few studies have examined whether altering the emotional valence of encoded information prior to retrieval will influence what information is retrieved. The current application proposes to address questions of how retrieval is affected when the to-be-remembered information is neutral at encoding but made to be emotionally arousing at a later point in time. Our aim is to determine whether or not a memory bias for emotionally arousing information can be detected when the information is neutral at encoding. Additional studies will investigate this concept using a variety of other methodologies involving variations in the delays between encoding, the provision of new information, and retrieval; whereas others will vary the emotional valence to determine whether or not this effect is related only to negative emotions or to stimuli associated with any provoked emotion. This work will have important implications for our understanding of how the emotional (and/or neutral) nature of information affects its subsequent retrieval and for how processes associated with this are affected by the timing of the generation of emotional arousal associated with the stimuli. If our hypotheses are supported, this could provide a mechanism through which to selectively enhance (or reduce) memory for information already learned. Additional implications of this work involve the nature of memory associated with emotional problems that develop over time or after a delay.