Synthetic toll-like receptor 4 ligands: synthesis and biochemical investigation of pseudomonas aeruginosa lipid As and analogues

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Host immune responses are broadly divided into two branches: innate immune response and adaptive immune response. The innate immune response provides the first line defense against microbial infections and also guides the development of an appropriate adaptive response to clear the infection. In the case of immune disorders, inappropriate innate immune activation results in inflammatory responses that overwhelm the host and cause damages to the host. Innate immune activation is mediated by protein receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4. Molecules capable of interacting with these receptors hold great promise in delivering novel immuno-therapeutics for the treatment of diseases such as septic shock, bacterial infection, and cancers.