Solar wind coupling to plasma waves and energetic particles in geospace

太阳风是太阳大气层向外太空的延伸。它是一种平均速度为400公里/S、平均密度为10个粒子/立方厘米的电离“等离子体”。太阳风与磁化行星的相互作用形成了称为磁层的磁空穴。地球的磁层在白天被压缩，在夜晚延伸到月球轨道之外。它被表面和内部的电流系统包裹着。在内部，波-粒子相互作用和等离子体不稳定性将磁层变成一个有效的粒子加速器，为环流、范艾伦带、等离子体层和极光区提供高能粒子。随着太阳经过其11年的周期，它驱动的磁层风暴变得越来越频繁和强烈，导致大量的能量被耗散在“地球空间”的质量和能量汇中。地球空间的强烈变异性给太空中的卫星和人类以及地球上的电力、管道和通信系统带来了危险。它还影响卫星阻力，从而影响卫星的寿命，并可能影响国际空间站。

The solar wind is an extension of the Sun's atmosphere into outer space. It is an ionized "plasma" with an average speed and density of 400km/s and 10 particles per cubic cm, respectively. The interaction of the solar wind with magnetized planets forms magnetic cavities called magnetospheres. Earth's magnetosphere is compressed on the dayside, and stretched beyond Moon's orbit on the nightside. It is wrapped by surface and interior current systems. Inside, wave-particle interactions and plasma instabilities turn the magnetosphere into an efficient particle accelerator, supplying the Ring Current, Van Allen belts, Plasmasphere and Auroral regions with energetic particles. As the Sun moves through its 11 year cycle, it drives magnetospheric storms that become increasingly more frequent and intense, leading to copious amounts of energy being dissipated in "geospace" mass and energy sinks. The strong variability of geospace presents hazards to satellites and humans in space, along with power, pipeline, and communications systems on Earth. It also affects satellite drag, which affects the lifetime of satellites and potentially the international space station.