Quantum transport, spintronics, and strongly correlated states in Dirac materials

寻找新材料并了解其电子和输运性质，这决定了它们的应用潜力，是现代科学和技术的中心任务之一。在过去的十年里，物理学和材料科学中最有影响力的突破之一是石墨烯（一种单层碳）的发现。石墨烯的晶格结构使得这种材料中的电子有效地表现为无质量的Dirac-like粒子，这导致了定性的新量子效应，包括量子输运机制和磁输运现象。人们很快意识到，石墨烯不同寻常的电子特性、其机械鲁棒性和二维性质使其成为某些应用的有吸引力的材料。 石墨烯的发现引发了人们对具有Dirac类色散的二维和三维材料的强烈兴趣，这导致了一类新材料- Dirac材料的出现。这一类包括双层和多层石墨烯，三维拓扑绝缘体，以及最近的Weyl半金属，它可以被视为石墨烯的3D泛化，等等。

Finding new materials and understanding their electronic and transport properties, which determine their potential for applications, is one of the central tasks of modern science and technology. One of the most influential breakthroughs in physics and material science in the past decade has been the discovery of graphene, a monolayer of carbon. The lattice structure of graphene is such that the electrons in this material effectively behave as massless Dirac-like particles, which leads to qualitatively new quantum effects, including quantum transport regimes and magneto-transport phenomena. It was quickly realized that the unusual electronic properties of graphene, its mechanical robustness and two-dimensional nature, make it an attractive material for certain applications. The discovery of graphene triggered an intense interest in two- and three-dimensional materials with Dirac-like dispersion, which led to the emergence of a whole class of novel materials - Dirac materials. This class includes bilayer and multi-layer graphene, three-dimensional topological insulators, and more recently, Weyl semimetals, which can be viewed as 3D generalization of graphene, and others.