Error during acquisition and learning of balance control: learning from falling?

良好的平衡控制对你所做的几乎所有事情都是必不可少的。平衡控制可以防止你在坐着或站着不动以及在周围环境中移动（例如走路）时摔倒。良好的平衡控制也有助于防止失去平衡后摔倒（例如绊倒或滑倒）。尽管平衡涉及到整个身体，但研究人员经常认为这是一项很好的运动技能。这意味着保持平衡的任何动作和调整都非常小，因此，当平衡很小时，动作的可变性也很小。人们认为，大的变化表明错误，这个人的平衡“不好”。如果错误不加以纠正，就会导致跌倒。假设两个人正在学习一种新的动作技能。第一个是蹒跚学步的孩子学习迈出她的第一步。第二个是一个杂技演员学习走钢索。对于初学者来说，平衡是很棘手的，蹒跚学步的孩子在掌握走路的艺术之前肯定会摔倒成百上千次（甚至更多！），但杂技演员不能犯这样的错误。即使在学习如此危险的技能时需要安全网和安全带，杂技演员仍然能感觉到摔倒的威胁，这将使他限制失误。尽管第一种情景中错误较多，第二种情景中错误有限，但两种学习者都能熟练掌握这些技能。这有点自相矛盾。研究人们如何学习新的动作技能（比如网球发球）的研究人员已经研究了在学习过程中犯的错误是如何影响人们学习这项技能的效果的。一组研究人员认为，错误会干扰人学习“正确”动作模式的能力。这些研究人员发现，在练习中尽量减少错误可以提高人们学习运动技能的能力。另一组研究人员认为，试错对学习至关重要。当在练习中犯错误时，这个人学会了如何“解决”这些错误，并且比犯错误少的人更好地学会了这个动作。本研究将探讨平衡控制的可变性和误差。特别是，我的学员和我将研究练习时犯的错误如何影响人们学习平衡技能的程度。这项工作很重要，因为平衡控制的错误可能导致跌倒和受伤。这种错误的后果在学习其他动作技能时不一定会出现。这项研究的结果将适用于任何学习需要平衡的运动技能的人，甚至是那些学习看似简单的走路技能的幼儿。

Good balance control is essential for almost everything you do. Balance control prevents you from falling when you are sitting or standing still and when you are moving around your environment (e.g. walking). Good balance control also helps to prevent a fall after a loss of balance (e.g. a trip or a slip). Even though balance involves the whole body, researchers often argue it is a fine movement skill. This means that any movements and adjustments made to maintain balance are very small and, therefore, variability of movements when balancing is small. It is believed that large variability indicates error and that the person has ‘bad’ balance. If errors go uncorrected they can lead to falls. Consider two people learning a new movement skill. The first is a toddler learning to take her first steps. The second is an acrobat learning to walk on a tightrope. Balance is tricky for the novice walker, and the toddler will surely fall hundreds, thousands, (or more!) times before she masters the art of walking, but the acrobat can’t afford to make such mistakes. Even with safety nets and harnesses that are surely required when learning such a treacherous skill, the acrobat still perceives the threat of a fall, which would cause him to limit errors. Despite abundant errors in the first scenario, and limited errors in the second scenario, both learners can achieve proficiency in these skills. This is something of a paradox. Researchers who study how people learn new movement skills, such as a tennis serve, have studied how errors made during the learning process influence how well the person learns the skill. One group of researchers argues that errors interfere with the person’s ability to learn the ‘correct’ movement pattern. These researchers have found that minimizing errors during practice can improve the person’s ability to learn the movement skill. Another group of researchers believe that trial and error is essential for learning. When errors are made during practice, the person learns how to ‘solve’ these errors, and learns the movement better than if they made fewer errors. This research will investigate variability and error in balance control. In particular, my trainees and I will look at how errors made when practicing influence how well someone learns a balance skill. This work is important because errors in balance control can lead to falls and injuries. Such consequences of errors are not necessarily present when learning other movement skills. The results of this research will apply to anyone learning a movement skill that requires balance, even those toddlers learning the seemingly simple skill of walking.