Error during acquisition and learning of balance control: learning from falling?

平衡控制获取和学习过程中的错误：从跌倒中学习？

• 批准号: RGPIN-2014-04199
• 负责人: Mansfield, Avril
• 金额: $ 2.11万
• 依托单位: University of Toronto
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2015-01-01 至 2016-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=587662
• 关键词: Error; during; acquisition; learning; balance

Good balance control is essential for almost everything you do. Balance control prevents you from falling when you are sitting or standing still and when you are moving around your environment (e.g. walking). Good balance control also helps to prevent a fall after a loss of balance (e.g. a trip or a slip). Even though balance involves the whole body, researchers often argue it is a fine movement skill. This means that any movements and adjustments made to maintain balance are very small and, therefore, variability of movements when balancing is small. It is believed that large variability indicates error and that the person has ‘bad’ balance. If errors go uncorrected they can lead to falls. Consider two people learning a new movement skill. The first is a toddler learning to take her first steps. The second is an acrobat learning to walk on a tightrope. Balance is tricky for the novice walker, and the toddler will surely fall hundreds, thousands, (or more!) times before she masters the art of walking, but the acrobat can’t afford to make such mistakes. Even with safety nets and harnesses that are surely required when learning such a treacherous skill, the acrobat still perceives the threat of a fall, which would cause him to limit errors. Despite abundant errors in the first scenario, and limited errors in the second scenario, both learners can achieve proficiency in these skills. This is something of a paradox. Researchers who study how people learn new movement skills, such as a tennis serve, have studied how errors made during the learning process influence how well the person learns the skill. One group of researchers argues that errors interfere with the person’s ability to learn the ‘correct’ movement pattern. These researchers have found that minimizing errors during practice can improve the person’s ability to learn the movement skill. Another group of researchers believe that trial and error is essential for learning. When errors are made during practice, the person learns how to ‘solve’ these errors, and learns the movement better than if they made fewer errors. This research will investigate variability and error in balance control. In particular, my trainees and I will look at how errors made when practicing influence how well someone learns a balance skill. This work is important because errors in balance control can lead to falls and injuries. Such consequences of errors are not necessarily present when learning other movement skills. The results of this research will apply to anyone learning a movement skill that requires balance, even those toddlers learning the seemingly simple skill of walking.

良好的平衡控制对于你做的几乎每件事都是必不可少的。平衡控制可防止您在坐着或站着不动以及在环境中走动(如行走)时摔倒。良好的平衡控制也有助于防止在失去平衡后摔倒(例如绊倒或滑倒)。尽管平衡涉及全身，但研究人员经常辩称，这是一项很好的运动技能。这意味着为保持平衡所做的任何移动和调整都非常小，因此，当平衡很小时，移动的可变性很小。人们认为，大的变异性意味着错误，这个人的平衡能力很差。如果错误得不到纠正，它们可能会导致跌倒。 假设两个人在学习一项新的运动技能。第一个是一个蹒跚学步的孩子。第二个是杂技演员学习走钢丝。对于步行新手来说，平衡是很棘手的，蹒跚学步的孩子肯定会跌倒数百、数千、(甚至更多！)她之前掌握了走路的艺术，但这位杂技演员犯不起这样的错误。即使有了安全网和安全带，杂技演员在学习这种危险的技能时肯定需要安全网和安全带，但他仍然感觉到摔倒的威胁，这将导致他限制错误。尽管在第一种情景中出现了大量错误，在第二种情景中出现的错误有限，但两位学习者都能熟练掌握这些技能。这是一种悖论。 研究人们如何学习新的运动技能的研究人员，比如网球发球，研究了学习过程中的错误如何影响人们学习技能的好坏。一组研究人员认为，错误会干扰人学习“正确”动作模式的能力。这些研究人员发现，在练习中尽量减少错误可以提高人学习运动技能的能力。另一组研究人员认为，反复试验对学习至关重要。当在练习中犯错误时，这个人学会了如何‘解决’这些错误，并比他们犯更少错误时更好地学习动作。 这项研究将调查平衡控制中的变异性和误差。特别是，我和我的学员将研究练习中的错误如何影响一个人学习平衡技能的好坏。这项工作很重要，因为平衡控制中的错误可能会导致摔倒和受伤。在学习其他动作技能时，这种错误的后果并不一定存在。这项研究的结果将适用于任何学习需要平衡的运动技能的人，甚至那些学习看似简单的走路技能的幼儿也是如此。