Development of higher order urban computational modelling procedures, data comparison and calibration

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There is much information to be obtained from experimental methods; however, these suffer from limitations including the inability to perform full-scale experiments in advance of building construction or to measure all points simultaneously within an existing structure. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) allows full-scale and whole-field flow information at a cost of computational power. The difficulty is that to date, large flow field models have depended on Reynolds-averaged methods (RANS) based model. Large-Eddy Simulation, or LES, has become the method of choice for computationally-intensive simulations resolved to the necessary scales. Traditional RANS, although useful, require significant assumptions that compromise the fidelity of the flow physics obtained. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) which resolves all the scales remains a prohibitive method due to its computational requirements. LES bridges between RANS and DNS, where the energetic large scales are resolved and computed directly whereas the smaller more universal scales are modelled. By modeling the subgrid scales within the inertial subrange, it is possible to extract high-fidelity flow information that can be used to improve local conditions.