Auditory and non-auditory factors involved in loudness modulation: A model for tinnitus and hyperacusis

响度是对声级（dB）的主观感知，是声音的主要感知属性之一。虽然响度和声级之间的一般关系是单调的，但响度函数的细节可以根据几个听觉和非听觉因素而变化。例如，减少感觉输入和声音丰富等声学条件可以分别增加和降低听觉敏感性。听觉系统具有根据环境听觉因素调节增益的能力。然而，这个中心增益模型是一个最近的命题，没有得到太多的实证支持。虽然已经提出脑干机制可能参与中枢增益调节，但尚不清楚是否更高水平的听觉系统也可能参与。

Loudness, the subjective perception of sound level (dB), is one of the major perceptual attributes of sounds. While the general relationship between loudness and sound level is monotonic, the details of the loudness function can vary depending on several auditory and non-auditory factors. For instance, acoustic conditions such as reduction of sensory inputs and sound enrichment can increase and decrease auditory sensitivity, respectively. The auditory system has the capacity to modulate the gain depending on ambient auditory factors. This central gain model, however, is a recent proposition that has not received much empirical support. While it has been suggested that brainstem mechanisms may be involved in central gain modulation, it is unknown whether higher levels of the auditory system may also participate.