Nonequilibrium and dissipative effects in topological materials

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The development of quantum physics in the beginning of the 20th century revolutionized people's understanding of materials. Based on the laws of quantum physics, solids were classified into insulators, semiconductors, metals, and superconductors. For decades, it was believed that all insulators were similar to one another when it came to their inability to conduct electricity, and that all superconductors were also similar to one another when it came to their extreme ability to carry electrical current.