Understanding shear in anisotropic materials for enhances sample attachment strategy

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Planar biaxial testing makes it possible to explore a wide range of loads, understood here as forces or displacements, applied at once in two orthogonal directions to an approximately square membrane-like sample. Understanding of the loading conditions is straightforward as long as the axes of the machine are aligned with, or orthogonal to, the preferred directions of the materials (e.g. fiber orientation, or repeating geometrical features). However, precise knowledge of the preferred directions can be difficult to establish, and misalignment may result in uncontrolled for shear deformation and forces that develop in the sample. When this is suspected, the sample should be attached using a friction-free system of hooks and pulleys instead of user-friendly and efficient rigid rakes, to make sure that loading does not include shear forces. The research question is: can practical guidelines be produced for the users to know exactly when they should employ hooks