Overwintering ecology, migration strategies and demography of migratory birds

越冬生态学、迁徙策略和候鸟种群统计

• 批准号: RGPIN-2014-05798
• 负责人: Green, David
• 金额: $ 1.97万
• 依托单位: Simon Fraser University
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2016-01-01 至 2017-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=611852
• 关键词: Overwintering; ecology; migration; strategies; demography

Populations of migratory birds may be limited by events in geographically separate habitats occupied at different stages of their annual cycle. Although events during the breeding season may drive the population dynamics of some species climatic conditions and anthropogenic impacts on winter and en-route habitats can also influence the distribution and survival of migrants, and conditions experienced during the non-breeding season can carryover and influence survival and productivity on the breeding grounds. Climate change and the loss or degradation of winter or en-route habitat is therefore likely to influence the overwintering ecology of migrants, alter the costs and benefits of migration, and influence the distribution and persistence of bird populations. Recognition of the connections between seasons, and investigation of the factors that influence seasonal vital rates are critical in evaluating climatic and human impacts on migratory birds. We propose to investigate climatic and anthropogenic impacts on wintering and migratory strategies, seasonal vital rates, and population dynamics of two birds that can be studied throughout their annual cycle: a neotropical migrant, the Yellow Warbler, and a partial migrant, the Black Oystercatcher. Specifically, we will 1) ask how the use of natural and modified winter habitats influence territoriality and winter survival of Yellow Warblers and investigate the sensitivity of breeding populations from different latitudes to winter habitat alteration; 2) examine whether non-breeding season events that impact vital rates scale-up and predict population trends of Yellow Warblers at a larger geographic scale; 3) evaluate hypotheses explaining variation in the migratory strategies of Black Oystercatchers; and 4) determine whether anthropogenic change influences the relative costs and benefits of migration and the predicted number of migratory and sedentary Black Oystercatchers at different latitudes. We study Yellow Warblers on the breeding grounds in B.C. and on wintering grounds in Mexico where they occupy natural and modified (agricultural) habitats. Stable isotope analysis of feather tissues can be used to infer the breeding origins of birds in Mexico; radiotransmitters and mark-resight data allow investigation of breeding origin, sex/age, climate and habitat effects on territoriality and over-winter survival. Population models can then be used to assess how season-specific vital rates contribute to population growth. Regionally specific breeding bird survey data can be used to test the generality of climatic and human impacts on populations. Black Oystercatchers are partial migrants that can also be studied on breeding grounds, wintering grounds and on migration. In Alaska migrants and residents breed together but overwinter apart, whereas in southern B.C. migrants and residents overwinter together and breed apart. Radiotelemetry and light-sensitive geolocators provide tools to determine migratory strategies and migration distances of individuals. The monitoring of resident and migratory oystercatchers from multiple sites in Alaska and British Columbia allow assessment of the causes and fitness consequences of variation in migratory strategies. The proposed research will elucidate the role of events at different stages of the annual cycle for population dynamics of migratory birds, evaluate hypotheses for differential migration by assessing the fitness consequences of alternative migratory strategies, and determine how environmental change influences the demography of neotropical and partial migrants. Consequently, the results of the proposed research will aid in the development of effective conservation strategies for migratory birds.

候鸟的数量可能会受到其年度周期不同阶段所占据的地理上不同的栖息地中发生的事件的限制。尽管繁殖季节期间的事件可能会驱动某些物种的种群动态，但气候条件和对冬季和途中栖息地的人为影响也可能影响候鸟的分布和生存，而非繁殖季节经历的条件可能会延续并影响繁殖地的生存和生产力。因此，气候变化以及冬季或途中栖息地的丧失或退化可能会影响候鸟的越冬生态，改变迁徙的成本和收益，并影响鸟类种群的分布和持久性。认识季节之间的联系并调查影响季节性生命率的因素对于评估气候和人类对候鸟的影响至关重要。 我们建议调查气候和人为因素对越冬和迁徙策略、季节性生命率以及两种鸟类种群动态的影响，这两种鸟类可以在整个年度周期中进行研究：新热带候鸟黄莺和部分候鸟黑蛎鹬。具体来说，我们将1）询问自然和改良冬季栖息地的使用如何影响黄莺的领地性和冬季生存，并研究不同纬度繁殖种群对冬季栖息地改变的敏感性； 2) 检查影响生命率的非繁殖季节事件是否会扩大并预测更大地理范围内黄莺的种群趋势； 3) 评估解释黑蛎鹬迁徙策略变化的假设； 4) 确定人为变化是否影响迁徙的相对成本和收益以及不同纬度迁徙和定居黑蛎鹬的预测数量。 我们在 BC 省的繁殖地研究黄莺。以及墨西哥的越冬地，它们占据自然和改良的（农业）栖息地。羽毛组织的稳定同位素分析可用于推断墨西哥鸟类的繁殖起源；无线电发射机和标记重视数据可以调查繁殖起源、性别/年龄、气候和栖息地对领地和越冬生存的影响。然后可以使用人口模型来评估特定季节的生命率对人口增长的贡献。区域特定的种鸟调查数据可用于测试气候和人类对种群影响的普遍性。黑蛎鹬是部分迁徙动物，也可以在繁殖地、越冬地和迁徙方面进行研究。在阿拉斯加，移民和居民一起繁殖，但分开过冬，而在不列颠哥伦比亚省南部，则不同。迁徙者和居民一起过冬并分开繁殖。无线电遥测和光敏地理定位器提供了确定个体迁徙策略和迁徙距离的工具。对阿拉斯加和不列颠哥伦比亚省多个地点的常驻和迁徙蛎鹬进行监测，可以评估迁徙策略变化的原因和适应性后果。 拟议的研究将阐明年度周期不同阶段的事件对候鸟种群动态的作用，通过评估替代迁徙策略的适应性后果来评估差异迁徙的假设，并确定环境变化如何影响新热带和部分迁徙鸟类的人口统计。因此，拟议研究的结果将有助于制定有效的候鸟保护策略。