Regulation of translation initiation under stress conditions

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Two major steps of gene expression are transcription and translation. In the last 20 years, gene expression research has mainly focused on transcriptional regulation as microarray analysis became established. However, recent studies using genomic and proteomic profiling have revealed that changes in mRNA levels only partially correspond to those in protein levels. This suggests that translational regulation also plays critical roles in the regulation of gene expression. Translational regulation may be particularly important when cells respond to a rapid environmental change caused by cellular stresses.