Pristine lithologies, modifications, astrobiological potential, and habitability of planetary surfaces

绘制行星表面的地质图是一项重要的科学工作。了解一个天体的表面组成对于解决以下问题至关重要：（1）确保人类探险者的安全;（2）确定可用于支持人类在行星上长期存在的原地资源;（3）帮助了解太阳系的起源和演变;以及（4）了解行星如何随时间演变。我们绘制行星表面地质图的能力受到行星表面（即，我们用遥感技术看到的行星的一部分），甚至是没有空气的物体的表面，都可以被当地的环境所改变。诸如风化和侵蚀、风沙、太阳风和宇宙射线轰击、低气压或无气压导致的干燥、温度变化和陨石撞击等因素都可能改变行星表面的组成和/或对我们准确绘制地表地质图的能力产生负面影响。相反，通过识别这些修改过程是否以及如何运作，我们可以深入了解行星体的历史。

Mapping the geology of planetary surfaces is an important scientific endeavour. Knowing a body’s surface composition is essential for addressing issues such as: (1) ensuring the safety of human explorers; (2) identifying in situ resources that can be exploited to support extended human presence on planetary bodies; (3) helping to understand the origin and evolution of the solar system; and (4) understanding how planets evolve over time. Our ability to map the surface geology of planets is hampered by the fact that planetary surfaces (i.e., that portion of a planet that we see with remote sensing), even the surfaces of airless bodies, can be modified by their local environment. Factors such as weathering and erosion, windblown dust, solar wind and cosmic ray bombardment, desiccation due to low or no atmospheric pressure, temperature variations, and meteorite impacts can all modify the composition of a planetary surface and/or negatively affect our ability to accurately map surface geology. Conversely, by recognizing whether and how these modification processes have operated, we can gain insights into the history of a planetary body.