Design and Evaluation of Automated Decision Aids for Tactical Awareness

复杂系统中的自动化虽然通常高度可靠，但从来都不是完美的。这意味着人类操作员必须决定何时依赖自动化，何时拒绝其错误的结论和不适当的建议。直觉上，运营商应该在自动化更可靠的时候更多地依赖自动化，在不太可靠的时候更少依赖自动化。然而，先前的研究表明，随着自动化可靠性的变化，运营商没有足够地调整他们的依赖行为。运营商有时可能会持怀疑态度，拒绝自动化，即使它提供了有用的信息、结论或建议。或者，他们有时可能过于信任，依赖于不适合手头情况的自动化。为了最大限度地利用新的自动化技术--以及监督它们的人--我们需要更好地了解导致操作员依赖或拒绝自动化的因素。我们还需要制定方法，鼓励操作员适当依赖自动化。我们的研究将在这两个领域创造新的知识。在早期的工作中，我们开发了一种统计方法来确定随着自动化可靠性的变化，操作员应该在多大程度上调整他们的依赖行为。我们将扩展该方法以考虑自动化可靠性以外的因素，例如操作员自身完成任务的能力。这将使我们能够更深入地了解依赖决策背后的因素。我们还在早期的工作中表明，设计良好的可视显示器有助于操作员更好地区分自动化可靠性的变化，并更适当地依赖它。为此，我们将在越来越逼真的模拟器中开发和测试新的显示概念。研究将重点放在士兵用于识别和跟踪战场上的友军单位的战斗识别技术。然而，这项研究的结果可以应用于医疗保健、交通运输和能源系统中的各种自动化系统。支持有效的人与自动化交互将导致所有这些系统的更安全和更高效的操作。

Automation in complex systems, while often highly reliable, is never perfect. This means that human operators must decide when to rely on automation and when to reject its erroneous conclusions and inappropriate advice. Intuitively, operators should depend on automation more when it is more reliable - and less when it is less reliable. However, previous research shows that operators do not adjust their reliance behaviour enough as the automation reliability changes. Operators may sometimes be sceptical and reject automation even when it offers useful information, conclusions or recommendations. Alternatively, they may sometimes be too trusting and depend on automation that is not suitable for the situation at hand. To make the most of new automation technologies - and the humans who supervise them - we need to better understand the factors that lead operators to rely on or reject automation. We also need to develop methods to encourage human operators to rely on automation appropriately. Our research will create new knowledge in both of these areas. In earlier work, we developed a statistical method to determine how much operators should adjust their reliance behaviour as automation reliability changed. We will extend that method to consider factors beyond automation reliability, such as the operator's own ability to complete the task. This will allow us to understand the factors underlying reliance decisions in greater depth. We have also shown in earlier work that well-designed visual displays help operators better distinguish changes in automation reliability and rely on it more appropriately. We will pursue this by developing and testing new display concepts in increasingly realistic simulators.The research will emphasize combat identification technologies used by soldiers to identify and track friendly units on the battlefield. However, the results of this research can be applied to a wide variety of automated systems found in healthcare, transportation and energy systems. Supporting effective human interaction with automation will result in safer and more productive operation of all of these systems.