Electric Power Grid Modernization

传统AC电力系统构成了用于电能的产生/传输/输送的主要基础设施，并且基于世纪中期的集中式产生、控制和操作概念和策略。这种遗留系统表现出固有的局限性，以满足当前和未来的要求，世纪。原因是（i）改变类型和生成特征的组合，例如，风能和太阳能的高渗透深度，（ii）需要更高程度的安全性，弹性和可靠性，例如，（iii）对电力市场民主化的要求日益提高，以方便客户参与。这导致了电网现代化保护伞下的一系列活动，这些活动主要基于（i）大规模利用传感和测量，（ii）储能系统的电网集成，以及（iii）新的操作，控制和潮流概念/策略。这种从传统电网到现代化电网的转变背后的主要驱动力是不断增长的供应和需求侧机会，以及信息和通信技术（ICT）和基于电力电子的设备和系统的技术和经济可行性，例如，高压直流（HVDC）系统，用于集成到AC电力系统中。在不久的将来，现代化电网的主要目标是，到2025年，将减少（一）停电成本，（二）储备利润，（三）清洁能源整合。该发现资助计划专注于新型控制，潮流和运营策略的研发，以实现从传统基础设施到现代化电网的过渡过程。设想的研发计划的使能技术包括（i）基于使用电压源换流器（VSC）配置的叠加HVDC传输网络和（ii）用于感测、测量、控制和保护的ICT。VSC-HVDC系统形成传统AC电网的组成部分，并用作物理层以在其主机AC系统中实现设想的控制、功率流和操作策略，并实现现代化AC电网所需的功能。整个交流电网和叠加的VSC-HVDC系统也将配备ICT，用于协调传感，监控，测量和通信。基于ICT的网络层还补充了主机AC系统的广域控制/保护基础设施。该研究计划的成果为（i）可再生资源的大规模整合，（ii）根据发电/需求的经济性，大容量电力的有效空间/时间转移，（iii）预防级联事件/故障，以及（iv）在传统电网中集成多微电网提供了基础。

The legacy AC power system constitutes the main infrastructure for generation/transmission/delivery of the electrical energy, and is based on the mid-20th century centralized generation, control, and operational concepts and strategies. This legacy system exhibits inherent limitations to meet the current and the future requirements of the 21th century. The reasons are (i) changing mix of types and characteristics of generation, e.g., high-depth of penetration of wind and solar power, (ii) the need for higher degree of security, resiliency and reliability, e.g., to prevent failures and blackouts due to natural (and even man-made) disasters , and (iii) the increasing demand for democratization of the electricity market to facilitate customers' participation. These have resulted in a portfolio of activities under the umbrella of grid modernization which is primarily based on (i) massive utilization of sensing and measurement, (ii) grid-integration of energy storage systems, and (iii) novel operation, control and power flow concepts/strategies. The main drivers behind this transformation from the legacy- to the modernized-grid are the growing supply- and demand-side opportunities, and the technical and economical viability of the information and communication technologies (ICTs) and power electronic based apparatus and systems, e.g., high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems, for integration in AC power systems. The main objective of a modernized-grid in the near future, i.e., by 2025, is to reduce the costs of (i) power outage, (ii) reserve margin, and (iii) clean energy integration.***This discovery grant program focuses on the R&D of novel control, power flow, and operational strategies to enable transition process from the legacy infrastructure to the modernized grid. The enabling technologies for the envisioned R&D program include (i) the overlay HVDC transmission network based on the use of voltage-sourced converter (VSC) configurations and (ii) ICTs for sensing, measurement, control and protection. The VSC-HVDC system forms an integral part of the legacy AC grid and serves as the physical layer to realize the envisioned control, power flow, and the operational strategies in its host AC system and enable the functionalities that are required to modernized the AC grid. The overall AC grid and the overlay VSC-HVDC system also will be equipped with ICTs for coordinated sensing, monitoring, measurement and communications. The ICT-based cyber layer also compliments the infrastructure for wide-area control/protection of the host AC system. The outcome of this research program provides the basis for (i) large-scale integration of renewable resources, (ii) efficient spatial/temporal transfer of bulk power as the economy of generation/demand dictates, (iii) prevention of cascaded events/failures, and (iv) integration of multi-microgrids in the legacy grid.*****