High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) grids

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The increasing reliance on electric power systems to reliably and efficiently meet the growing demand for electric energy and to accommodate new types of generation has resulted in major operational, control, and protection challenges for large interconnected power systems. These challenges cover a wide range of technical, technological, environmental, and economical subjects, for example, the need to (i) deal with limitations in acquiring new right-of-ways or more effective utilization of the existing corridors, (ii) transmit and/or re-route bulk renewable-based power over long distances and wide geographical areas, (iii) facilitate market operations, (iv) prevent hidden and cascading failures, (v) improve control over the interconnected power system dynamics, and (vi) utilize the power utility infrastructure more efficiently.