Memory, attention, and face recognition in young and old adults, and in people with brain damage

这项提案延续了一项长期的研究计划，其目的是调查心理过程和大脑机制，在年轻人、老年人和脑损伤患者中调解记忆、注意力和面部识别的不同方面。拟议的实验研究了系统神经科学中大脑功能理论所带来的心理影响，特别是我们自己的组件过程模型（CPM； Moscovitch等人，2016）；反过来，我们利用这些心理学发现来完善我们对大脑功能的理解并更新模型。本研究扩展并阐述了我们之前的发现，即情景记忆及其在内侧颞叶中调解情景记忆的结构，影响从感知到解决问题到移情的各种非记忆过程。******在本提案中，我们特别描述了与CPM和海马体（HPC）相关的三个项目。第一个是关于情景记忆的空间成分，它遵循了我们的观察，即参与者自发地将空间信息整合到他们对事件的记忆中。在一系列针对年轻人、老年人和失忆症患者的实验中，我们将验证这样一个假设，即即使是单个单词，记忆，而不是熟悉，也有实质性的空间成分，而这个成分是由HPC介导的。第二个项目涉及使用谷歌街景进行虚拟导航时的事件边界，以及这些边界如何影响时间持续时间和顺序的记忆。我们假设十字路口的转弯作为事件边界，增加HPC激活，导致更好的回忆，但不是熟悉，转弯前的事件，跨边界的事件之间比边界内的事件之间更大的差异。第三个项目的重点是HPC对人脸感知的贡献，正如CPM预测的那样。模式分离是一种将相似的刺激在编码时区分开来的过程。我们假设HPC的齿状回（DG）中的模式分离过程应该有助于对两个高度相似的面孔的分类感知，因为分类感知强调了两张面孔之间的差异，而不是在类别边界内。如果是这样，那么HPC病变或恶化的患者应该表现出分类知觉降低。初步证据表明确实如此。在健康对照中，功能磁共振成像测量到的HPC激活更大，应该伴随着面部区分和识别，而不是在面部类别边界内。**

This proposal continues a long-standing research program whose purpose is to investigate the psychological processes and brain mechanisms mediating different aspects of memory, attention and face-recognition in young and older adults, and in people with brain damage. The proposed experiments examine the psychological implications that follow from theories of brain function in systems neuroscience, in particular our own Component Process Model (CPM; Moscovitch et al., 2016); we in turn use these psychological findings to refine our understanding of brain function and update the model. This research extends and elaborates our previous findings that episodic memory, and the structures that mediate it in the medial temporal, influence a variety of non-memory processes from perception to problem solving to empathy. ******In this proposal, we describe three projects related to the CPM and the hippocampus (HPC) in particular. The first, concerned with spatial components of episodic memory, follows our observation that participants spontaneously incorporate spatial information into their memory of events. In a series of experiments on young and older adults, and on amnesic patients, we will test the hypothesis that even for single words, recollection, but not familiarity, has a substantial spatial component, and that this component is mediated by the HPC. The second project is concerned with event boundaries during virtual navigation using Google Street View, and with how these boundaries influence memory for temporal duration and order. We hypothesized that turns at intersections act as event boundaries which increase HPC activation that lead to better recollection, but not familiarity, of pre-turn events, and greater differentiation between events across boundaries than within boundaries. The third project focuses on the contribution of the HPC to face-perception as predicted by the CPM. Pattern separation is a process by which similar stimuli are made distinctive at encoding. We hypothesized that pattern separation processes in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the HPC should contribute to categorical perception of two highly similar faces, since categorical perception accentuates differences between two faces across, but not within, category boundaries. If true, then patients with HPC lesions or deterioration, should show reduced categorical perception. Preliminary evidence indicates they do. In healthy controls, greater HPC activation as measured in fMRI should accompany face discrimination and identification across, than within, face category boundaries. **