Analysis of the molecular mechanisms of plant defense against microbial pathogens

感知和防御微生物感染对多细胞生物的生存至关重要。植物主要利用两种类型的免疫受体来识别病原体并激活下游防御反应。跨膜受体用于识别微生物的保守特征，例如细菌鞭毛蛋白，而具有核苷酸结合和富含亮氨酸重复结构域（NLR）的细胞内受体用于检测来自分泌到植物细胞中以促进定殖的病原体的特异性蛋白质。这项研究旨在了解这两种免疫受体介导的免疫是如何在分子水平上调节的。*** 植物免疫的激活导致快速转录重编程。我们以前的研究确定SAR缺陷1（SARD 1）作为一个主转录因子，调节大量的关键免疫调节因子的表达。SARD 1的表达被病原体感染强烈诱导，并且SARD 1表达的增加足以激活植物对病原体的防御。我们要解决的一个大问题是，防御信号是如何从质膜定位的免疫受体转导来激活细胞核中SARD 1的表达的。我们将使用分子遗传学，基因组学和生物化学方法的组合，以确定和表征参与这一过程的调控成分。另一个与跨膜免疫受体介导的免疫相关的问题，我们要解决的是异源三聚体G蛋白如何调节受体下游关键信号组分的蛋白水平。 ****** 自从大约二十年前首次报道拟南芥中的NLR受体以来，许多植物NLR蛋白已被鉴定出来，并且在它们识别病原体的方式上取得了巨大进展。然而，关于NLR受体如何激活下游防御反应仍然知之甚少。我们以前的研究确定了几种参与NLR受体SUMM2介导的免疫的蛋白质。我们将测试它们是否在SUMM2的下游发挥作用以抑制防御信号，并确定它们如何调节植物免疫。这项研究可能有助于了解NLR受体如何转导防御信号以激活植物防御。 我们的研究对于推进我们对植物免疫如何调节的认识至关重要。将发现新的调节剂和参与植物防御反应的信号机制。所获得的知识将有助于制定更好的战略，通过无害环境的手段控制植物病害。**

Sensing and defending against microbial infection is essential to the survival of multicellular organisms. Plants mainly use two types of immune receptors to recognize pathogens and activate downstream defense responses. Transmembrane receptors are used to recognize conserved features of microbes such as bacterial flagellin, whereas intracellular receptors with nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeats domains (NLRs) are used to detect specific proteins from pathogens that are secreted into the plant cell to promote colonization. The proposed research aims to understand how immunity mediated by these two types of immune receptors is regulated at molecular level.*** *** Activation of plant immunity leads to rapid transcriptional reprogramming. Our previous studies identified SAR Deficient 1 (SARD1) as a master transcription factor which regulates the expression of a large number of key immune regulators. The expression of SARD1 is strongly induced by pathogen infection and increase in SARD1 expression is sufficient to activate plant defense against pathogens. One big question we are going to address is how defense signals are transduced from plasma membrane-localized immune receptors to activate the expression of SARD1 in the nucleus. We are going to use a combination of molecular genetic, genomic and biochemical approaches to identify and characterize regulatory components involved in the this process. Another question related to immunity mediated by transmembrane immune receptors which we are going to address is how heterotrimeric G proteins regulate the protein level of a critical signaling component downstream of the receptors. ****** Since the first report of NLR receptors in Arabidopsis about two decades ago, many plant NLR proteins have been identified and tremendous progress has been made on how they recognize pathogens. However, there is still very little known about how NLR receptors activate downstream defense responses. Our previous studies identified several proteins that are involved in immunity mediated by the NLR receptor SUMM2. We are going to test whether they function downstream of SUMM2 to transduce defense signals and determine how they regulate plant immunity. This investigation may lend insights on how defense signals are transduced from NLR receptors to activate plant defense.****** Our research is crucial for advancing our knowledge of how plant immunity is regulated. New regulators and signaling mechanisms involved in plant defense responses will be discovered. The knowledge obtained will contribute to the development of better strategies to control plant diseases through environmentally friendly means. **