Architectured and bioinspired materials to expand property space

对结构性能不断提高的要求推动了更强、更坚韧和更轻的材料的发展。尽管材料科学取得了迅速的进步，但仍有一些特性的组合是不可用的。例如，韧性和强度仍然是相互排斥的属性，硬保护和顺应性很难结合起来。***提出的研究旨在利用两个强大的概念：建筑和生物灵感来扩展材料属性空间。建筑材料是介于微观结构和整体构件之间的具有长度尺度可控结构的高信息材料。在提议的研究中，感兴趣的是密集的建筑材料，由尺寸和形状明确的建筑块组成，排列在二维或三维空间中。这些积木是硬的，但它们的界面是柔软的，可以引导大的非线性变形和裂缝。这些原则导致构建块可以滑动，旋转，分离或联锁在一起，提供了丰富的可调机制，结构特性和功能。拟议研究的另一个重要概念是生物灵感。骨头、牙齿或软体动物的壳展示了坚硬的积木和非线性界面之间的相互作用如何产生不寻常的、高度吸引人的刚度、强度和韧性的组合。其他天然结构材料，如鳞片皮肤和鳍，展示了硬和软如何结合在一起，形成具有肌腱样效果或变形能力的灵活外骨骼。***在拟议的计划中，我们将描述硬生物材料和系统的结构，性能和力学，包括牙齿，骨骼，软体动物外壳，节肢动物角质层，鳞片和鳍。这项活动将涉及最先进的实验（小规模和原位、数字图像相关、高速成像、立体成像和三维重建）。我们还将为这些材料开发理论和数值模型（有限元，离散元素），以捕获关键的结构和机制。该活动将探索与建筑材料中长度尺度分离和均质化特性相关的基本和关键问题。这些模型将被纳入生物启发建筑材料的设计和优化方案中。最后，我们将制造和测试原型，结合自下而上的制造策略（3D打印），与自上而下的方法（二维和三维激光雕刻）。***从该项目中产生的新型生物启发材料将在加拿大经济（生物医学，航空航天，汽车，能源）中具有各种高影响力的应用，该项目将为各级高素质人才提供强有力的培训环境。

Ever-increasing requirements for structural performance drive the development of stronger, tougher and lighter materials. Despite rapid progress in materials science, there are still combinations of properties which are not available. For example toughness and strength remain mutually exclusive properties, and hard protection and compliance are difficult to combine. ***The proposed research aims at expanding material property space using two powerful concepts: architecture and bioinspiration. Architectured materials are high-information materials with controlled structures at length scales which are intermediate between microstructure and whole component. Of interest in the proposed research are dense architectured materials, made of building blocks of well-defined size and shape arranged in two or three dimensions. These building blocks are stiff, but their interfaces are softer and can channel large nonlinear deformations and cracks. These principles lead to building blocks which can slide, rotate, separate or interlock collectively, providing a wealth of tunable mechanisms, structural properties and functionalities. Another powerful concept central to the proposed research is bioinspiration. Bone, teeth or mollusc shells demonstrate how the interplay between stiff building block and non-linear interfaces generate unusual and highly attractive combinations of stiffness, strength and toughness. Other natural architectured materials such as scaled skins and fins demonstrate how hard and soft can be combined to make flexible exoskeletons with tendon-like effects or morphing capabilities. ***In the proposed program we will characterize the structure, properties and mechanics of hard biological materials and systems including teeth, bone, mollusk shells, arthropod cuticles, scales and fins. This activity will involve state-of-the-art experiments (small-scale and in-situ, digital image correlation, high speed imaging, stereo-imaging and 3D reconstruction). We will also develop theoretical and numerical models (finite elements, discrete elements) for these materials to capture key architectures and mechanisms. This activity will explore fundamental and critical questions related to separation of length scales and homogenization of properties in architectured materials. These models will be incorporated into design and optimization schemes for bioinspired architectured materials. Finally we will fabricate and test prototypes by combining bottom-up fabrication strategies (3D printing), with top-down approaches (two and three-dimensional laser engraving). ***The new bioinspired materials which will emerge from this program will have a variety of applications with high impact in the Canadian economy (biomedical, aerospace, automotive, energy), and the program will provide a vigorous training environment for highly qualified personnel at all levels.