Knowledge Discovery in 3D Geospatial Spaces: Towards an Integrated BIM, 3D GIS and IoT Data Framework

世界正在进入智慧城市时代。物联网（IoT）和信息技术基础设施是智慧城市的基础，是一个由连接的智能设备、传感器和大数据分析组成的网络。据估计，到2020年，全球将有800亿台联网设备，互联网用户将超过50亿。连接是不可避免的，它将包括我们生活的方方面面，将工作、家庭和周围环境无缝地结合在一起。在这种情况下，3D虚拟城市空间是帮助智能城市管理和监控室内室外动态的关键。加拿大城市决心实现成为智慧城市的目标。为了促进动态的城市应用，如商业增长和监控基础设施的解决方案，多伦多和蒙特利尔都向公众推出了3D开放数据。然而，如何处理虚拟空间中的多尺度分析和可视化，通过时间尺度从城市尺度无缝扩展到建筑结构，反之亦然，还需要进一步的研究。

The world is entering the period of smart cities. The Internet of Things (IoT) and information-technology infrastructure are fundamental to smart cities, a network of connected smart devices, sensors, and big-data analytics. By 2020, estimates are that there will be 80 billion connected devices worldwide and over 5 billion Internet users. Connectivity is inevitable and will include all facets of our lives, seamlessly bringing together work, home and surrounding environments. In this context, 3D virtual city space is key to helping smart cities manage and monitor indoor-outdoor dynamics. Canadian cities are determined to achieve the goal of becoming smart cities. To foster dynamic city applications such as business growth and solutions for monitoring infrastructure, Toronto and Montreal have both launched 3D open data to the public. However, further research is required to deal with multi-scale analysis and visualization in a virtual space, extended from city-scale to building structures and vice-versa seamlessly through the temporal scale. The main goal of this research is to increase our knowledge of how a variety of data coming from Building Information Model (BIM), 3D Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and IoT, integrate into a single environment to conduct spatiotemporal analytics. Our research will advance knowledge by identifying ontology, semantics and the geometry definition of integrated data through a multidimensional graph-structure. Nine HQP will be trained by working on the development of 1) A comprehensive, integrated data modeling framework handling BIM, GIS and IoT stream data; 2) An analytical approach for data mining in 3D indoor-outdoor virtual model in order to discover knowledge; 3) Spatial aggregation operations for multi-scale representation of discovered knowledge in a seamless indoor-outdoor virtual model; 4) A geospatial data sharing, interoperability and quality assessment framework for the integration of BIM, GIS and IoT. Knowledge gained from our research will enable new technologies that have an aggregated and granulated image of massive amounts of 3D indoor-outdoor data through a virtual space connected with IoT stream information. This knowledge will have a significant impact on the Canadian geospatial industry sectors. Our research will also provide technological advancement, innovative approaches and deep insight into the standardization of 3D data sharing. The results will be applied to a wide range of smart cities applications such as energy efficiency, emergency management, infrastructure monitoring, and facility management.