Assessing memory principles in individuals, models, and non-declarative memory

在大多数科学研究领域，都有规律和原则作为该领域内研究和理论的基础。然而，在对人类记忆的研究中，没有规律，也很少有被广泛接受的原则(Roediger，2008)。没有普遍原则的一个原因是，记忆是由多个记忆系统组成的，每个记忆系统按照不同的规则运行(Tulving，1985；Wang Ferbinteanu，2019)。相比之下，我们(超过MPLE)。SIMPLE(Scale Independent Memory，Percept，and Learning；Brown，Neath，Neath&Brown，2006)是一种记忆模型，它实例化了相对区别性原则，即项目将被很好地记住，在一定程度上，它们在提取时比竞争项目更明显。这些研究将评估SIMPLE能否解释个体在记忆任务中的表现。目标2.评估重新整合原则。在短期/工作记忆文献中，红色整合是个体使用他们的长期知识来帮助他们回忆的过程(Hulme等人，1991)。引用重新整合来解释研究结果，如词频效应(对高频词的回忆比对低频词的回忆更好)，但不能解释声学相似效应(对发音不相似的词的回忆比对发音相似的词更好)。提出的新原则是基于特征模型(Neath，2000)的一项预测：只有当不需要重新整合时，才会观察到次级任务(如并发发音)的干扰效应。目标3.评估非陈述性记忆的原则。尽管大多数记忆研究使用语言刺激，但有大量关于非语言记忆特别是非陈述性记忆的文献(知道“如何”而不是知道“那”)。然而，在研究拟议的一般原则是否适用方面，工作很少。Tempel和Frings(2013)设计了一种程序来检验提取导致的运动动作遗忘，这一范式将被用来评估线索超载和相对区别性原则是否适用于运动动作。这项拟议的研究有力地检验了，人类记忆是由一个单一的账户更好地解释，在这个账户中，存在着系统范围的原则，还是用一个多系统的观点，其中每个系统根据不同的规则运行。这些问题之所以重要，是因为它们涉及到人类记忆的根本性质。

In most areas of scientific inquiry, there are laws and principles that are the foundation of research and theory within that domain. In the study of human memory, however, there are no laws and few widely-accepted principles (Roediger, 2008). One reason offered for the absence of general principles is that memory is made up of multiple memory systems, each of which operates according to different rules (Tulving, 1985; Wang Ferbinteanu, 2019). In contrast, we (Surprenant MPLE. SIMPLE (Scale Independent Memory, Perception, and Learning; Brown, Neath, Neath & Brown, 2006) is a memory model that instantiates the relative distinctiveness principle, which states that items will be well remembered to the extent that they are more distinct than competing items at the time of retrieval. These studies will assess whether SIMPLE can explain how individuals perform on memory tasks. Objective 2. Assessing the Redintegration Principle. In the short-term/working memory literature, redintegration is the process whereby individuals use their long-term knowledge to help their recall (Hulme et al., 1991). Redintegration is invoked to explain findings like the word frequency effect (better recall of high than low frequency words) but not the acoustic similarity effect (better recall of dissimilar-sounding than similar-sounding words). The proposed new principle is based on a prediction of the Feature Model (Neath, 2000): Disruptive effects of secondary tasks (such as concurrent articulation) will be observed only when redintegration is not required. Objective 3. Assessing Principles in Non-Declarative Memory. Although most memory research uses verbal stimuli, there is a robust literature on non-verbal and especially non-declarative memory (knowing "how" rather than knowing "that"). However, there has been very little work on examining whether the proposed general principles apply. Tempel and Frings (2013) devised a procedure to examine retrieval induced forgetting of motor movements, and this paradigm will be adapted to assess whether the cue overload and relative distinctiveness principles apply to motor movements. The proposed research is a strong test of whether human memory is better explained by a unitary account in which there exist system-wide principles or by a multi-systems view in which each system operates according to different rules. The questions are important because they address the fundamental nature of human memory.