Deconstructing the ecology of aquatic soundscapes to mitigate the effects of noise pollution on marine species

声音是许多水生动物感觉环境的基本组成部分。尽管噪声很重要，但噪声对水生生物，特别是鱼类的影响没有得到很好的研究，加拿大联邦或省级立法也没有对水下噪声进行监管。通过对声景的不同组成部分(物理、生物、噪声)进行全面分析，我们的目标是弥合知识鸿沟，并在难以采样的水生环境中提供生态系统级别的信息。随着世界变得越来越嘈杂，水下人为噪声的范围和强度不断增加。强烈的短期噪音会永久性地改变听觉阈值，并导致一些生物死亡，而长期的慢性噪音，如血管产生的噪音，可能会导致生理和行为的变化。噪音污染还会掩盖环境线索、发声，或削弱听到同类、猎物或捕食者的能力。我的工作将开发系统，以提供海洋声景的定量描述，并利用我们的结果更好地了解噪音对水生生物声音产生和行为的影响。我的研究计划的长期目标是开发一个预测性的理论和经验框架，以了解自然和人类诱导的水生生物声环境变化的适宜性后果。这些研究的结果将为保护和减轻噪音污染对海洋物种的影响的政策提供参考。我的短期目标包括对已知的含声鱼类物种进行量化，以更好地了解分类和地理分布模式；开发廉价、新颖、长期、以实地为基础的方法和统计工具，以便对发声物种进行定位和自动检测；对自然系统中噪声对鱼类生态的影响进行量化和建模。我实验室最近的生物声学工作主要集中在试听鱼类物种、量化声景和对噪音的影响进行建模。我们扩大了已知鱼类发声的资料库，记录了鱼类在自然环境、野外网箱和实验室条件下的发声情况。我们还使用被动声学监测来检测入侵物种，并对这种入侵行为提供早期预警。在野外验证鱼类和无脊椎动物的声音对于理解声景至关重要。因此，我们正在开发将视觉和声音来源的信息同时结合起来的方法，并正在使用这些多感官技术来量化当地的声景，包括最近在不列颠哥伦比亚省发现的海绵礁；使用水下观测站测量的深海声景；并将潮间带的声景描述为由声音很大的平原学员主导。我们已经完成了第一个全球荟萃分析，揭示了对鱼类和无脊椎动物的行为和生理产生强烈负面影响的证据。

Sound is a fundamental component of the sensory environment of many aquatic animals. Despite its importance, the effects of noise on aquatic organisms, particularly fishes, is not well studied nor is underwater noise regulated by Canadian federal or provincial legislation. By conducting comprehensive analyses of the different components of the soundscape (physical, biological, noise), we aim to bridge the knowledge gap and provide ecosystem-level information in difficult to sample aquatic environments. As the world has got noisier, the range and intensity of underwater anthropogenic noise continues to increase. Intense short-term noise can permanently alter auditory thresholds and lead to mortality for some organisms, while long-term chronic noise such as that produced by vessels, can lead to physiological and behavioural changes. Noise pollution can also mask environmental cues, vocalizations, or dampen the ability to hear conspecifics, prey or predators. My work will develop systems to provide quantitative descriptions of marine soundscapes and use our results to better understand the effects of noise on sound production and behaviour of aquatic organisms. The long-term goal of my research program is to develop a predictive theoretical and empirical framework for understanding the fitness consequences of natural and human-induced changes to the acoustic environment of aquatic organisms. The results from these studies will inform policies to protect and mitigate the impacts of noise pollution on marine species. My short-term objectives include quantifying the known soniferous fish species to better understand taxonomic and geographic distribution patterns; developing inexpensive, novel, long-term, field-based methodological and statistical tools to localize and automatically detect vocalizing species; and quantifying and modeling the effects of noise on fish ecology in natural systems. Recent bioacoustics work in my lab has focused on auditioning fish species, quantifying soundscapes, and modeling the effects of noise. We have expanded the library of known fish vocalizations by recording fishes in their natural environment, in field-based net pens, and in laboratory conditions. We have also used Passive Acoustic Monitoring to detect invasive species and to provide early warning of such invasions. Validation of fish and invertebrate sounds in the field is critical to understand soundscapes. As such we are developing ways to integrate information from visual and acoustic sources simultaneously and are using these multi-sensory techniques to quantify local soundscapes including the recently discovered sponge reefs in BC; deep-sea soundscapes as measured using underwater observatories; and characterizing the soundscape of the intertidal zone as dominated by the highly vocal plainfin midshipman. We have completed the first global meta-analyses revealing evidence of strong negative effects on behaviour and physiology of fish and invertebrates.