Posture in oromotor control

口腔运动控制的姿势

• 批准号: RGPIN-2021-03751
• 负责人: Gick, Bryan
• 金额: $ 2.4万
• 依托单位: University of British Columbia
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2021-01-01 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=742705
• 关键词: Posture; oromotor; control

Posture is a fundamental motor behaviour, and is a precursor to voluntary movements (Ting, 2007). Even basic movements such as reaching require control of head and trunk posture (Soechting & Flanders, 1991). Part of the problem in arriving at a universal understanding of posture is that the literature has focused almost exclusively on the head, trunk and limbs. It is unknown whether the control paradigms that have been proposed for posture of these large structures apply equally to other regions of the body. The proposed research aims to improve our understanding of posture in the oral region, host to such vital functions as breathing, feeding, swallowing, facial expression and speech. For example, although there has been a long tradition of investigating the effects of gravity on posture (Ivanenko & Gurfinkel, 2008), gravitational effects on posture in oromotor systems has been largely overlooked. After returning from the Expedition 35 space mission, astronaut Chris Hadfield reported: "I could feel the weight of my lips and tongue and had to change how I was talking. I didn't realize I had learned to talk with a weightless tongue." (https://www.npr.org/2013/05/18/184821421/). By explicitly modeling posture as a fundamental basis of oromotor behaviour, we are establishing a new research direction that promises to further our understanding of oromotor control, and of posture in general. We propose a series of three study sets across two phases. Phase 1 studies will involve computer simulations and analyses of existing datasets, which can be carried out remotely while laboratory facilities are closed due to COVID-19. Phase 2 studies include laboratory experiments using intraoral video, ultrasound imaging and electromyography. The study sets focus on three research questions. Firstly, how are oral postures affected by external perturbations? We investigate how changes in gravity systematically change the speech of astronauts, and how tongue posture adapts in response to bite block perturbation lowering the tongue and jaw. Secondly, do oral postures remain "active [even] in the absence of movement" (Martin, 1977)? We examine postural behaviours of the tongue and velum, the latter of which is responsible for opening and closing the nasal cavity during breathing, swallowing, and speech. Lastly, how are oral postures affected by internal perturbations from synchronous speech movements? We investigate how expressive postures (e.g., smiling) respond to conflicting transient lip movements from speech. In addition to advancing theory in areas such as biomedical engineering, motor control, sensory-motor integration and embodied models of cognition/consciousness, our improved models of the human oromotor system will impact application areas such as surgical planning and rehabilitation, robotics, language teaching and learning, computer animation and clinical intervention in swallowing disorders and language development and decline.

运动是一种基本的运动行为，是自愿运动的前兆（Ting，2007）。即使是基本的动作，如伸手，也需要控制头部和躯干的姿势（Soechting &弗兰德斯，1991）。要想对姿势有一个普遍的理解，部分问题在于文献几乎只关注头部、躯干和四肢。目前还不清楚，是否已提出的控制范例，这些大型结构的姿态同样适用于其他地区的身体。这项拟议中的研究旨在提高我们对口腔部位姿势的理解，口腔部位负责呼吸、进食、吞咽、面部表情和言语等重要功能。例如，虽然研究重力对姿势的影响有着悠久的传统（Ivanenko & Gurfinkel，2008），但重力对姿势的影响在很大程度上被忽视了。宇航员克里斯·哈德菲尔德在完成第35次太空使命返回后报告说：“我能感觉到嘴唇和舌头的重量，不得不改变我说话的方式。我没意识到我已经学会了用没有重量的舌头说话。“（https：//www.npr.org/2013/05/18/184821421/）。通过明确建模姿势作为orbestos行为的基本基础，我们正在建立一个新的研究方向，有望进一步我们的orbestos控制的理解，一般的姿势。我们提出了一系列的三个研究集在两个阶段。第一阶段研究将涉及计算机模拟和现有数据集的分析，这些研究可以在实验室设施因COVID-19而关闭时远程进行。第二阶段研究包括使用口内视频、超声成像和肌电图的实验室实验。本研究集中于三个研究问题。首先，口腔姿势如何受到外部扰动的影响？我们研究重力的变化如何系统地改变宇航员的语言，以及舌头的姿势如何适应咬块扰动降低舌头和下巴。第二，口头姿势是否“即使在没有运动的情况下也是活跃的”（Martin，1977）？我们检查了舌头和软腭的姿势行为，后者负责在呼吸，吞咽和讲话期间打开和关闭鼻腔。最后，同步言语运动的内部扰动如何影响口腔姿势？ 我们研究如何表达姿势（例如，微笑）对言语中相互冲突的短暂嘴唇运动做出反应。除了在生物医学工程，运动控制，感觉运动整合和认知/意识的体现模型等领域推进理论外，我们改进的人类orbital系统模型将影响应用领域，如手术规划和康复，机器人，语言教学和学习，计算机动画和吞咽障碍的临床干预以及语言发展和衰退。