五倍子蚜与寄主植物和内共生菌Buchnera已经形成稳定的自然生物系统，其在第一寄主植物Rhus上可形成具有重要经济价值的虫瘿—五倍子。本项目拟采用高通量二代测序Genome Skimming方法获得五倍子蚜mtDNA、寄主植物cpDNA和Buchnera全基因组序列及倍蚜20多个核基因序列；GenBank下载相应序列，分别对三者的基因组进行高级阶元水平比较，分析基因组组成和结构变异，特别是蚜虫mtDNA基因组中的重复区和部分tRNA以及Buchnera基因组的基因获得和丢失等；采用MP、ML和MrBayes方法分别重建蚜虫、寄主植物和Buchnera的系统发育关系并估计分歧时间，结合形态特征分析澄清五倍子蚜种类间的系统发育关系及部分种的归属，探讨蚜虫与寄主植物和Buchnera间的协同进化模式及进化机制，分析寄主植物对蚜虫和Buchnera基因组进化的影响。

The three groups of Rhus gall aphids-the primary host-plant-endosymbiont Buchnera have formed a stable and unique co-evolutionary system and aphids live obligately on Rhus to induce the valuable galls-wubeizi. We here propose to employ the next-generation genome skimming to assemble and annotate the complete genome of aphid's mitochondrion, host plant's chloroplast and Buchnera, and at least 20 aphid's nuclear genes. Combining the genome sequences from GenBank, the size, organization, structure of these genomes in high level will be compared and analyzed, especially the evolutionary implication of the loss of the aphid repeat region and tRNA, and the protein coding region of Buchnera. The MP, ML and BI phylogeny of aphids, host-plant and endosymbiont will be reconstructed to resolve the classification relationship of aphid and Rhus taxa as well as the morphological characteristics. In addition, we will estimate the divergence time of aphids, Rhus species and Buchnera to explore the co-evolution of the aphids, host plants, and aphid’s endosymbiotic bacteria Buchnera, and further to examine the effect of host-plant to the genome evolution of aphids and endosymbiont Buchnera.