Opening the file drawer: Unexpected insights from a chytrid infection experiment.
Opening the file drawer: Unexpected insights from a chytrid infection experiment.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0196851
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Rosenblum EB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Byrne AQ;Poorten TJ;Voyles J;Willis CKR;Rosenblum EB
感染实验是了解野生动物疾病动态的关键。虽然感染实验通常是为了降低复杂性而设计的，但疾病结果仍然是由宿主、病原体和环境因素之间复杂的相互作用造成的。不同因素之间的隐性差异可能导致研究小组内部和小组之间感染实验的可重复性降低，并阻碍研究进展。此外，具有意想不到结果的研究往往被归入“文件抽屉”，从这些实验结果中获得的潜在见解也就丢失了。在这里，我们报告了一项感染实验的意外结果，该实验研究了两种差异敏感但相关的青蛙（美国牛蛙Rana catesbeiana和山黄腿蛙Rana muscosa）对两栖动物杀伤壶菌（Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd）的反应。尽管物种之间的易感性存在充分的证据，但我们没有发现抗体介导的免疫反应的证据，也没有发现两种物种的bd相关死亡率。此外，在研究过程中，假接种的对照组出乎意料地出现了b -阳性。我们使用了一种定制的基因分型试验来证明，异常感染的catesbeiana携带不同于接种基因型的Bd基因型。因此，catesbeiana个体是通过qPCR无法检测到的低强度感染获得的。在接种bd的治疗组中，接种的基因型似乎优于隐性感染。因此，我们的研究结果提供了对Bd合并感染动力学的深入了解，随着不同病原体菌株在全球范围内的传播，这种现象越来越相关。我们的实验强调了意外的实验结果如何既可以作为警示故事，也可以作为探索未解之谜的研究问题的机会。我们使用我们的结果作为一个案例研究，以突出感染实验异常结果的常见来源。我们认为，了解这些因素将有助于研究人员设计、执行和解释实验，以了解野生动物疾病的过程。
Infection experiments are critical for understanding wildlife disease dynamics. Although infection experiments are typically designed to reduce complexity, disease outcomes still result from complex interactions between host, pathogen, and environmental factors. Cryptic variation across factors can lead to decreased repeatability of infection experiments within and between research groups and hinder research progress. Furthermore, studies with unexpected results are often relegated to the “file drawer” and potential insights gained from these experimental outcomes are lost. Here, we report unexpected results from an infection experiment studying the response of two differentially-susceptible but related frogs (American Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana and the Mountain yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa) to the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd). Despite well-documented differences in susceptibility between species, we found no evidence for antibody-mediated immune response and no Bd-related mortality in either species. Additionally, during the study, the sham-inoculated R. catesbeiana control group became unexpectedly Bd-positive. We used a custom genotyping assay to demonstrate that the aberrantly-infected R. catesbeiana carried a Bd genotype distinct from the inoculation genotype. Thus R. catesbeiana individuals were acquired with low-intensity infections that could not be detected with qPCR. In the Bd-inoculated R. catesbeiana treatment group, the inoculated genotype appeared to out-compete the cryptic infection. Thus, our results provide insight into Bd coinfection dynamics, a phenomenon that is increasingly relevant as different pathogen strains are moved around the globe. Our experiment highlights how unexpected experimental outcomes can serve as both cautionary tales and opportunities to explore unanswered research questions. We use our results as a case study to highlight common sources of anomalous results for infection experiments. We argue that understanding these factors will aid researchers in the design, execution, and interpretation of experiments to understand wildlife disease processes.
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