Application of transmission electron microscopy to the clinical study of viral and bacterial infections: present and future.
Application of transmission electron microscopy to the clinical study of viral and bacterial infections: present and future.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.micron.2005.10.001
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Dowsett B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Curry A;Appleton H;Dowsett B
透射电子显微镜对我们对病毒和细菌的认识和理解产生了深远的影响。电子显微镜（EM）提供的分辨率提高了1000倍，使病毒得以可视化，而病毒的存在以前只被怀疑是传染性传染病的病原体。病毒根据它们的形态学被分成不同的科。来自不同科的病毒看起来不同，这些形态学差异是通过EM鉴定病毒的基础。电子显微镜最初在20世纪60年代后期在诊断微生物学中崭露头角，当时它被用于天花的快速诊断，通过在形态学基础上区分痘病毒和皮肤病变中问题较少的疱疹病毒。随后，该技术被用于诊断其他病毒感染，如B型肝炎和细小病毒B19。电子显微镜已导致许多新病毒的发现，最值得注意的是与胃肠炎相关的各种病毒，直到相当近的时期，它仍然是主要的诊断方法。分子技术的发展，提供了更高的灵敏度，并往往能够轻松地处理大量的样品，已取代EM在诊断病毒学的许多领域。因此，EM在临床病毒学中的作用正在演变，越来越少地强调诊断，更多地强调研究，尽管这可能只在专科中心进行。然而，EM仍然为微生物学家提供了巨大的优势，无论是在诊断速度还是通过单一测试检测样品中存在的任何病毒病原体甚至多种病原体的潜力方面。EM继续用于研究新的和新兴的病原体，如SARS和人类猴痘病毒。此外，EM是许多国家国家应急方案的重要组成部分，在发生生物恐怖主义事件时，特别是在故意释放天花病毒的情况下，将提供前线诊断服务。在细菌学领域，EM在诊断上几乎没有用处，尽管在EM检查处理的活检材料中可以鉴定出一些细菌病原体。然而，电子显微镜已被用于阐明许多细菌特征的结构和功能，如鞭毛、菌毛和孢子，以及噬菌体的研究。EM和金标抗体的联合使用为细菌和病毒抗原的超微结构定位提供了有力的工具。
Transmission electron microscopy has had a profound impact on our knowledge and understanding of viruses and bacteria. The 1000-fold improvement in resolution provided by electron microscopy (EM) has allowed visualization of viruses, the existence of which had previously only been suspected as the causative agents of transmissible infectious disease. Viruses are grouped into families based on their morphology. Viruses from different families look different and these morphological variances are the basis for identification of viruses by EM. Electron microscopy initially came to prominence in diagnostic microbiology in the late 1960s when it was used in the rapid diagnosis of smallpox, by differentiating, on a morphological basis, poxviruses from the less problematic herpesviruses in skin lesions. Subsequently, the technique was employed in the diagnosis of other viral infections, such as hepatitis B and parvovirus B19. Electron microscopy has led to the discovery of many new viruses, most notably the various viruses associated with gastroenteritis, for which it remained the principal diagnostic method until fairly recent times. Development of molecular techniques, which offer greater sensitivity and often the capacity to easily process large numbers of samples, has replaced EM in many areas of diagnostic virology. Hence the role of EM in clinical virology is evolving with less emphasis on diagnosis and more on research, although this is likely only to be undertaken in specialist centres. However, EM still offers tremendous advantages to the microbiologist, both in the speed of diagnosis and the potential for detecting, by a single test, any viral pathogen or even multiple pathogens present within a sample. There is continuing use of EM for the investigation of new and emerging agents, such as SARS and human monkeypox virus. Furthermore, EM forms a vital part of the national emergency response programme of many countries and will provide a frontline diagnostic service in the event of a bioterrorism incident, particularly in the scenario of a deliberate release of smallpox virus. In the field of bacteriology, EM is of little use diagnostically, although some bacterial pathogens can be identified in biopsy material processed for EM examination. Electron microscopy has been used, however, to elucidate the structure and function of many bacterial features, such as flagellae, fimbriae and spores and in the study of bacteriophages. The combined use of EM and gold-labelled antibodies provides a powerful tool for the ultrastructural localisation of bacterial and viral antigens.
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影响因子：
168.9
作者：
BISHOP, RF;DAVIDSON, GP
通讯作者：
DAVIDSON, GP
DOI：
10.1001/jama.1965.03080070025007
发表时间：
1965-01-01
影响因子：
--
作者：
BLUMBERG, BS;ALTER, HJ;VISNICH, S
通讯作者：
VISNICH, S
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
FEINSTONE, SM;KAPIKIAN, AZ;PURCELL, RH
通讯作者：
PURCELL, RH
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
COHEN, BJ;RICHMOND, JE
通讯作者：
RICHMOND, JE
DOI：
10.1016/s1386-6532(99)00027-x
发表时间：
1999-06
期刊：
Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology
影响因子：
--
作者：
Biel SS;Gelderblom HR
通讯作者：
Gelderblom HR