Potential of conservation agriculture modules for energy conservation and sustainability of rice-based production systems of Indo-Gangetic Plain region.
Potential of conservation agriculture modules for energy conservation and sustainability of rice-based production systems of Indo-Gangetic Plain region.
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DOI：
10.1007/s11356-020-10395-x
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发表时间：
2021-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hazra KK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nandan R;Poonia SP;Singh SS;Nath CP;Kumar V;Malik RK;McDonald A;Hazra KK
以水稻为基础的种植制度是南亚最耗能的生产制度。随着自然资源基础的下降、土壤退化、环境污染和要素生产率的下降，以水稻为基础的种植制度的可持续性受到了质疑。因此，为可持续和清洁生产寻找节约能源和资源的农业技术的工作正在增加。保护性农业(CA)被推荐用于资源保护、土壤健康恢复和维持作物生产力。本研究的目的是评估水稻种植系统中不同的CA模块在节能、能源生产率方面的作用，并确定能源与经济的关系。通过田间试验，研究了4种不同的耕作方式(水稻免耕后常规玉米/小麦(CTTPR-CT)、免耕移栽水稻免耕玉米/小麦(NPTPR-ZT)、免耕移栽水稻免耕玉米/小麦(ZTTPR-ZT)、免耕直播稻(FB)免耕玉米/小麦(ZTDSR-ZT))在稻麦轮作和稻-玉米轮作中两种残留物管理处理(残留物清除、残留量)的能量分配和能量经济关系。与常规耕作处理相比，保护性耕作处理(NPTPR-ZT、ZTTPR-ZT和ZTDSR-ZT)降低了对能量的需求，其中ZTTPR-ZT和ZTDSR-ZT处理的降幅更大。保护性耕作处理的能源节约归因于减少了整地(69%-100%)和灌溉(23%-27%)的能源消耗，这消耗了大量的燃料能源。与CTTPR-CT相比，保护性耕作处理增加了作物的粮食和秸秆产量，最终增加了产量能(6-16%)、净能(14-26%)、能率(25%-33%)和能量生产率(2334%)。对于这些能量参数，处理顺序为ZTDSR-ZT ≥ ZTTPR-ZT >； NPTPR-ZT >； CTTPR-CT(p <； 0.05)。与残留物清除相比，作物残留物保留降低了净能量、能量比和能量生产率。我们对能源-经济关系的研究结果支持“保守假说”，该假说认为能源和货币投资在本质上不是作物产量的决定因素。因此，水稻生产系统中的免耕作物设施(ZTTPR-ZT、ZTDSR-ZT)可以成为传统耕作农业(CTTPR-CT)的可持续替代方案，因为它们节约了不可再生的能源，减少了水分需求，提高了作物生产率。本文的在线版本(10.1007/s11356-020-10395-x)包含向授权用户提供的补充材料。
Rice-based cropping systems are the most energy-intensive production systems in South Asia. Sustainability of the rice-based cropping systems is nowadays questioned with declining natural resource base, soil degradation, environmental pollution, and declining factor productivity. As a consequence, the search for energy and resource conservation agro-techniques is increasing for sustainable and cleaner production. Conservation agriculture (CA) practices have been recommended for resource conservation, soil health restoration and sustaining crop productivity. The present study aimed to assess the different CA modules in rice-based cropping systems for energy conservation, energy productivity, and to define energy-economic relations. A field experiment consisted of four different tillage-based crop establishment practices (puddled-transplanted rice followed by (fb) conventional-till maize/wheat (CTTPR-CT), non-puddled transplanted rice fb zero-till maize/wheat (NPTPR-ZT), zero-till transplanted rice fb zero-till maize/wheat (ZTTPR-ZT), zero-till direct-seeded rice fb zero-till maize/wheat (ZTDSR-ZT)), with two residue management treatments (residue removal, residue retention) in rice–wheat and rice–maize rotations were evaluated for energy budgeting and energy-economic relations. Conservation-tillage treatments (NPTPR-ZT, ZTTPR-ZT, and ZTDSR-ZT) reduced the energy requirements over conventional tillage treatments, with the greater reduction in ZTTPR-ZT and ZTDSR-ZT treatments. Savings of energy in conservation-tillage treatments were attributed to reduced energy use in land preparation (69–100%) and irrigation (23–27%), which consumed a large amount of fuel energy. Conservation-tillage treatments increased grain and straw/stover yields of crops, eventually increased the output energy (6–16%), net energy (14–26%), energy ratio (25–33%), and energy productivity (23–34%) as compared with CTTPR-CT. For these energy parameters, the treatment order was ZTDSR-ZT ≥ ZTTPR-ZT > NPTPR-ZT > CTTPR-CT (p < 0.05). Crop residue retention reduced net energy, energy ratio, and energy productivity when compared with residue removal. Our results of energy-economic relations favored the “conservative hypothesis,” which envisages that energy and monetary investments are not essentially the determinants of crop productivity. Thus, zero tillage-based crop establishments (ZTTPR-ZT, ZTDSR-ZT) in rice-based production systems could be the sustainable alternative to conventional tillage-based agriculture (CTTPR-CT) as they conserved non-renewable energy sources, reduced water requirement, and increased crop productivity. The online version of this article (10.1007/s11356-020-10395-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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