Dissertation Research: Evolutionary and Coevolutionary Forces in a Three Trophic Level Interaction

这项研究将首次探索共同进化 三个营养级系统中的相互作用， 杨柳，毛鳞柳，刺茎叶蜂，真叶蜂 lasiolepis和寄生蜂Lathrostizus euurae。的 相互作用中每个成员的进化力将是 因为它们为茎创造了一个"脆弱的窗口"- 当它能被寄生蜂攻击时，它会变得更丑。 拉瑟罗蒂祖斯 只能在有限的时间内攻击每一个Euura虫瘿中的幼虫 期间定义的发展速度的瘿和 叶蜂 初步证据表明不同的杨柳 基因型和表型具有不同"窗口"的虫瘿， 导致寄生率大不相同。 实验将 回答以下问题：1）胆字 确定对Lathrostizus攻击的脆弱性是否遗传 是欧浦的性格、杨柳的性格，还是两者之间的互动？ 2)欧乌拉的脆弱之窗对拉斯罗斯蒂索斯来说 攻击取决于植物基因型？ 3)窗户可以 通过改变植物表型来改变脆弱性？ 4)并 脆弱性窗口增加了资源复杂性 降低了寄生蜂的搜索效率？ 5)是 Lathrostizus更适合攻击其他画廊在 系统？ 结果将有助于基本生态的 三营养相互作用

This research will explore for the first time coevolutionary interactions in a three trophic level system consisting of willow, Salix lasiolepis, a stem-galling sawfly, Euura lasiolepis, and a parasitoid, Lathrostizus euurae. The evolutionary forces on each member of the interaction will be studied as they create a "window of vulnerability" for the stem- galler when it can be attacked by the parasitoid. Lathrostizus can only attack larvae in each Euura gall for a limited time period defined by the developmental rates of both the gall and the sawfly. Preliminary evidence suggests that different willow genotypes and phenotypes have galls with different "windows," resulting in widely different parasitism rates. Experiments will answer the following questions: 1) Are gall characters determining vulnerability to Lathrostizus attack heritable characters of Euura, the willow, or interaction between the two? 2) Does the window of vulnerability of Euura to Lathrostizus attack depend on plant genotype? 3) Can the window of vulnerability be altered by changing plant phenotype? 4) Does the window of vulnerability increase resource complexity decreasing the searching efficiency of the parasitoid? 5) Is Lathrostizus better adapted to attacking other gallers in the system? Results will contribute to the basic ecology of tritrophic interactions.