The Drosophilists: Studies in Scientific Practice

科勒博士正在研究果蝇和果蝇的历史 遗传学家作为实验历史的一个例子 实践 他正在探索四个关键思想。 一是“标准” 实验生物可以被理解为 技术文物。 第二，实验性实践是 由管理所有权和分享权的默认道德规则所塑造 工具、资源、想法和信用。 第三，这些“道德 实践的“经济性”体现在制度化的职业生涯中 模式. 第四，生物学实验实践经常 涉及实验室和现场之间的动态互动， 驯化和野生生物以及工作方式。 科勒博士正在利用这四个主题来深入探讨五个 相关主题： 果蝇作为一种 摩根学派的遗传仪器;操作和 突变交换网络的隐性规则， 果蝇学家作为一个实践者的社区; 果蝇染色体变异研究 映射成多用途仪器;本发明通过 乔治·W.比德尔和狄奥多西·杜布赞斯基的新模式 发育和进化遗传学的实践。 这些个案研究正被用来发展概念和方法 可以应用于任何学科的实验实践， 自然科学 其目的是一个以经验为基础的综合 实验实践的帐户：一个可以使科学 对于非专业人士来说，这不是一个成品， 作为一个动态的和不断发展的生产过程。

Dr. Kohler is examining the history of Drosophila and Drosophila geneticists as an example of the history of experimental practice. He is exploring four key ideas. First, "standard" experimental organisms can be understood as constructed technological artifacts. Second, experimental practices are shaped by tacit moral rules that govern the ownership and sharing of tools, resources, ideas and credit. Third, these "moral economies" of practice are embodied in institutionalized career patterns. Fourth, experimental practice in biology often involves a dynamic interaction between laboratory and field, domesticated and wild organisms and work styles. Dr. Kohler is using these four themes to explore five closely related topics: the initial construction of Drosophila as a genetic instrument by the Morgan school; the operations and tacit rules of the mutant exchange network which defined Drosophilists as a community of practitioners; the diversification of Drosophila from an instrument for chromosome mapping into a multi-purpose instrument; and the invention by George W. Beadle and Theodosius Dobzhansky of new modes of practice in developmental and evolutionary genetics. These case studies are being used to develop concepts and methods that may be applied to experimental practice in any discipline of natural science. The aim is an empirically based, integrated account of experimental practice: one that may make science understandable to non-specialists not as a finished product but as a dynamic and evolving process of production.