The Impact of Civil Rights Laws on the Economic Welfare of Minorities

长期以来，法律在产生社会变革方面的有效性一直受到人们的关注。 这是一个有争议的问题，没有比这更重要的焦点了。 公民权利法对经济福利的影响 的少数民族。 最近很多人认为联邦公民权利 政策在提高经济福利方面几乎没有价值 黑人在美国社会。 相对黑人的经济收益 自20世纪70年代中期以来， 有兴趣确定过去是否以及在多大程度上 政府的举措促进了黑人的进步。 给定 复杂多样的经济、社会和政府 这将是一项工作， 重要意义在于更精确地整理出 在1964年后的十年里产生了巨大的相对经济收益。 本研究将应用较为全面和严谨的研究方法 设计评估最近的索赔，1）最高法院的 布朗案的判决对民权没有重大影响 运动或关于黑人经济进步的演变; 2） 就业歧视法没有起到什么作用， 几乎所有黑人的经济进步都来自于长期的 移民和教育改善的趋势; 3）突破 在纺织业的黑人就业率仅仅代表了 废除南方种族隔离主义立法， 这种法律的限制竞争性市场迅速消除了任何 私人歧视的负面影响。 这笔赠款将支持对所有方面进行全面评估 在联邦针对一种生活方式的全部努力中， 将黑人排除在南方社会的许多部门之外， 捕捉民权政策的影响，包括对 成功应对学校隔离的挑战， 投票排除。 研究表明，一个复杂的 法律模式-种族隔离和反歧视- 随着时间的推移，在不同的国家和地区出现。 的 研究人员将利用这种时间和地理变化， 黑人面临的制度结构是 解释黑人经济增长的不同模式， 不同的国家和地区。 此外，调查人员将 按州和种族编制关于学校质量的重要数据集 （如果可能的话）回到1890年。 一旦调查人员 记录了受教育程度的演变模式， 黑人和白人以及促进或 限制黑人的机会，他们会附加这些信息， 十年一次的人口普查中的收入和教育数据 从1940年到1990年的录像带。 这将使调查人员能够 对这些因素进行全面的经济计量评估 这对黑人经济的发展做出了贡献。

The effectiveness of law in producing social change has long been a matter of debate, and there is no more important focus for this debate than the impact of civil rights laws on the economic welfare of minorities. Many have argued recently that federal civil rights policy has been of little value in enhancing the economic welfare of blacks in American society. With relative black economic gains largely stalled since the mid-1970's, there is considerable policy interest in determining whether and to what extent past governmental initiatives have contributed to black progress. Given the complex and varied economic, social, and governmental initiatives that were unfolding at the time, it will be a work of major significance to sort out more precisely the factors that generated large relative economic gains in the decade after 1964. This research will apply a more comprehensive and rigorous research design to assess recent claims that: 1) the Supreme Court's decision in Brown had no important impact on the civil rights movement or on the evolution of black economic progress; 2) employment discrimination law has served little function because virtually all of black economic advance has come from long-term trends of migration and improved education; and 3) the breakthrough of black employment in the textile industry merely represents the removal of Southern segregationist legislation, and that without such legal restrictions competitive markets quickly eradicate any adverse effects of private discrimination. This grant will support a comprehensive assessment of all aspects of the total federal effort directed against a way of life that excluded blacks from many sectors of Southern society in order to capture the impact of civil rights policy, including spillovers to successful employment of challenges to school segregation and voting exclusion. The research will demonstrate that a complex pattern of law - both segregationist and antidiscrimination - emerged over time and in different states and regions. The investigators will use this temporal and geographic variation in the institutional structure confronting blacks as the basis for explaining the different patterns of black economic growth in different states and regions. In addition, the investigators will compile a significant data set on school quality by state and race (where possible) going back to 1890. Once the investigators have documented the evolving patterns of the educational attainment of blacks and whites and the legal environments promoting or restricting black opportunities, they will append this information to the data on income and education found in the decennial Census tapes from 1940-1990. This will permit the investigators to undertake a comprehensive econometric assessment of the factors that have contributed to black economic advance.