PRF/J: Lethal and Nonlethal Effects of Predators on Prey

捕食者影响猎物种群和猎物通过消耗 个体和影响猎物行为本身。 尽管 请注意，致命和非致命的捕食者-猎物 相互作用已经收到，很少有经验证据表明， 每一个的相对重要性，或者致命性和非致命性 捕食者效应相互作用影响猎物 性能，种群动态，物种相互作用和 分布，可用。 以前的研究要么测量了 捕食的整个效果（即，致命和非致命 或单独的非致命作用。 因为致命的， 捕食的非致死效应可能具有相反的影响（例如， 对猎物生长率），捕食的组成后果 不能从这些实验中确定。 实验室 估计幼虫致死和非致死效应的实验 在密度梯度上对它的幼虫无尾目猎物有齿 猎物之间的依赖关系，并进行实地实验，以确定致命的 而非致命的捕食者对自然猎物种群的影响将是 执行。 捕食者与猎物之间复杂的互动意味着 对猎物表现的预测并不直观， 捕食者效应正在发生。 进一步的目标是， 研究的目的是建立一个概念框架， 捕食者的影响，占致命和非致命的， 对猎物生长和生存的影响。 %%% 从这项工作中获得的见解应该具有普遍性，因为 蝌蚪表现出的各种行为反应也是 在许多其他分类群（鱼类，昆虫，甲壳类动物， 哺乳动物）。 现场测试是必要的， 检测结果在多大程度上是特定 设置（人工浅水池）。 其中一个目标是 调查是为了更真实地对猎物进行数学建模 觅食行为与捕食行为的关系 风险/收益 对捕食的复合性质的认识 对猎物的影响应该会改变生态学家对群落的看法 概念上。 如果高阶效应在猎物中普遍存在， 和捕食者，那么它将不太可能，因为有些人已经 希望，生态学家了解社区模式的基础上， 成对相互作用（构建块方法）。 生态 成功预测种群动态和群落的模型 结构将需要包括间接和直接 物种之间的相互作用。

Predators affect prey populations and prey by consuming individuals and by influencing prey behavior itself. Despite the attention that both lethal and non-lethal predator-prey interactions have received, little empirical evidence of the relative importance of each, or of how lethal and non-lethal predator effects interact with each other to influence prey performance, population dynamics, species interactions and distributions, is available. Previous research has either measured the entire effect of predation (i.e., lethal and non-lethal together) or the isolated non-lethal effect. Because lethal and non-lethal effects of predation can have opposing influences (e.g., on prey growth rate), the component consequences of predation cannot be determined from these experiments. Laboratory experiments to estimate lethal and non-lethal effects of a larval odonate on its larval anuran prey over a gradient of density dependence among prey, and a field experiment to determine lethal and non-lethal predator impacts on natural prey populations will be performed. The complex nature of predator-prey interactions means that predictions of prey performance are not intuitive when both types of predator effects are occurring. A further goal of this study is to develop a conceptual framework for understanding effects of predators that account for both lethal and non-lethal influences on prey growth and survivorship. %%% Insights gained from this work ought to have generality because the sorts of behavioral responses exhibited by tadpoles are also evident within many other taxa (fish, insects, crustaceans, and mammals for instance). Field tests are necessary in order to detect the extent to which results are artifacts of the specific setting (artificial wading pools). One of the goals of this investigation is to more realistically mathematically model prey performance relationships between foraging behavior and predation risk/gain. Recognition of the composite nature of predation effects on prey should alter the way ecologists view communities conceptually. If higher order effects occur commonly among prey and predators, then it will not likely be possible, as some have hoped, for ecologists to understand community patterns based on pairwise interactions (a building block approach). Ecological models that successfully predict population dynamics and community structure will need to incorporate both indirect as well as direct interactions among species.