Fish Maneuverability: Factors Affecting Turning and Agility

9507197长期以来，鱼类的速度和机动性一直吸引着人类的想象力。大多数研究关注的是鱼如何以高速度和高速度游泳，但到目前为止，我们对物种之间差异的原因了解很少。机动性可以提供统一的解释，但几乎没有关于鱼的机动性、其对速度和加速度的影响、或鱼体和鳍形状的可变性如何改善或限制机动性的研究。拟议研究的目的就是填补这一空白。机动性包括两个组成部分：在小半径圆内转弯的能力(转弯半径)和高速转弯的能力(敏捷性)。鱼使用不同的运动模式或步态，以不同的速度游泳。他们的主要步态是由中鳍和配对鳍提供动力的常规游泳，用身体和尾鳍巡航和冲刺，以及使用身体和尾鳍快速开始加速。不同步态的机动性不同，将通过迷宫、圆形跑道和快速启动试验来测量每种步态的机动性。机动性将通过对电影或视频记录的逐帧分析来衡量。将研究三种不同体型和鳍位置的鱼类。对绕过障碍物进食和迷宫运动的机动性的测量将决定形状是否影响运动性能(机动性)和在正中和配对鳍游泳时的能量获得。在冲刺过程中，鱼预计会减速转身。这与目前的FISH理论形成了鲜明对比，FISH理论可能基于次最大性能水平。对快速启动动作的分析将测试一个统一的模型，在该模型中，整体性能取决于速度、转弯时机和转弯半径。这些变量决定了行为的一般模式、线性加速和减速模式的细节以及最终的逃逸轨迹。这项研究将提供各种活动中机动性的详细测量，并提供一种统一的方法来研究游泳行为的种内和种间差异。由于可操作性可能会限制栖息地的选择，这项研究应该有助于解决水生栖息地的恢复等问题。了解限制速度和机动性的因素将有助于在工业实践中最大限度地减少因夹带而造成的鱼的损失的结构设计。

9507197 The speed and maneuverability of fishes have long captured human imagination. Most research has been concerned with how fish swim at high speeds and accelerate at high rates, but as yet we have little understanding of the causes for differences between species. Maneuverability may provide the unifying explanation, yet there are virtually no studies on fish maneuverability, its effects on speed and acceleration, or how variability in fish body and fin form improves or restricts maneuverability. The purpose of the proposed research is to fill this gap. Maneuverability includes two components: the ability to turn in a small radius circle (turning radius) and the ability to turn at high rate (agility). Fish use different patterns, or gaits, of locomotion to swim at different speeds. Their primary gaits are routine swimming powered by the median and paired fins, cruising and sprinting with the body and tail fins, and fast start accelerations using the body and tail fins. Maneuverability differs between gaits, and experiments will be performed to measure maneuverability in each gait using mazes, circular raceways, and fast start trials. Maneuverability will be measured using frame-by-frame analysis of movie or video recordings. Three fish species varying in body shape and fin location will be studied. Measurements of maneuverability during feeding around obstacles and movement through mazes will determine whether how shape affects motor performance (maneuverability) and energy gain during median and paired fin swimming. During sprints, fish are expected to reduce speed to turn. This contrasts with current theory for fish, which may be based on sub-maximum performance levels. Analysis of fast-start maneuvers will test a unified model in which overall performance depends on speed, the timing of a turn and its radius. These variables determine the general pattern of the behavior, the specifics of linear acceleration and deceleration patterns and the final escape trajectory. The research will provide detailed measurements of maneuverability in various activities and a unified approach to intra- and inter-specific variation in swimming behavior. Because maneuverability may constrain habitat selection, the research should contribute to solving problems like the rehabilitation of aquatic habitat. Understanding the factors that limit speed and maneuverability will facilitate construction design that minimizes fish losses due to entrainment in industrial practices.